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Greek Scroll Twelve minor prophets Nahal Hever 50 BC: Septuagint ... ... For Tyre built herself a fortress And piled up silver like dust, And gold like the mire of the streets. Behold, the Lord will dispossess her And cast her ... The dating of the other books is less certain but the scholarly consensus is that the LXX was completed by the end of the first century b.c., although it ... The LXX is, thus, very much a product of the Hellenistic age. It is possible, of course, that the codices of the fourth and fifth centuries a.d. incorporate some post-Hellenistic modifications affecting the gemstones named, but at present there is no reason to think this happened." (Old Testament Gemstones: A Philological, Geological, and Archaeological Assessment of the ... to historical situations and events that point to the years 170--150 BCE" (Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Emanuel Tov, p131, 2012 AD) "Most ... Both Tov and Barthélemy have argued for the Palestinian translation of some other books. At this time, however, not enough data is available to draw any ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-Septuagint-twelve-Greek-Minor-prophets-scroll-Nahal-Hever-Bar-Kochba-Cave-of-Horrors-letters-Dodekapropheton-Greek-8HevXIIgr-50BC.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rolalyn-maqsood-petra ... ... basin-like valley encircled by the mountains, with the massive rock now called Umm al-Biyara (Mother of Cisterns) as its natural fortress. ... Isaac his second was son of his beloved wife Sarah - born in her old age after a lifetime of barrenness. The elder son Ishmael was the ... At the same time, the Philistines on the Mediterranean coast had the monopoly of iron. The Israelites, with no metallurgical expertise, were ... The Hebrews defeat the Petrans The first Israelite king was Saul (shortly before 1000 BCE). He proved himself a powerful warrior, fighting the ... The first known archaeological inscription that identifies the Thamud tribe was carved by Sargon of Assyria in c.715 BCE. They occupied the ... to the Petra basin and it became the storing 'place for plunder. As the trade route by-passed the actual city site this was quite easy to do. ... and welcomed the Muslim forces as liberators. There is no information on the history of Petra in the first centuries of the Arab period. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rosalyn-maqsood-petra-a-travelers-guide-1994ad.htm

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Oldest Old Testament Bible manuscripts: Qumran | Wadi Murabba ... a museum dedicated for that purpose in 1965." (The Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin, vol, p 58, 2011 AD) 3. Nahal Hever produced ... door frame] have been excavated at several other Dead Sea Scroll site: a. Qumran: 27 fragments from Cave 4 and 2 fragments from Cave 8. b. ... Septuagint Lucianic LXXL does have the verse and lists Saul's age as 30 when he became king. After all, Jonathan his son defeated the ... Pentateuch scrolls that were copied by Jews during the last two centuries B.C.E. and the first century C.E. Large portions of these scrolls ... is one of the oldest manuscripts recovered from Qumran, dating to the mid-third century B.C.E. Cross has determined that ... to the proto-rabbinic Hebrew text used in rabbinic circles, both BCE and CE. A major source for this assumption is the Greek Minor ... These rebels appropriated Herod's spectacular palace fortress as their opposition base. Manuscripts discovered at Masada were not found in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-oldest-manuscripts-Bible-Ancient-copies-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Qumran-Masada-Nahal-Hever-Nahal-Seelim-Wadi-Murabbaat-Masoretic-Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic.htm

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Oldest Old Testament Bible manuscripts: Qumran | Wadi Murabba ... a museum dedicated for that purpose in 1965." (The Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin, vol, p 58, 2011 AD) 3. Nahal Hever produced ... door frame] have been excavated at several other Dead Sea Scroll site: a. Qumran: 27 fragments from Cave 4 and 2 fragments from Cave 8. b. ... Septuagint Lucianic LXXL does have the verse and lists Saul's age as 30 when he became king. After all, Jonathan his son defeated the ... Pentateuch scrolls that were copied by Jews during the last two centuries B.C.E. and the first century C.E. Large portions of these scrolls ... is one of the oldest manuscripts recovered from Qumran, dating to the mid-third century B.C.E. Cross has determined that ... to the proto-rabbinic Hebrew text used in rabbinic circles, both BCE and CE. A major source for this assumption is the Greek Minor ... These rebels appropriated Herod's spectacular palace fortress as their opposition base. Manuscripts discovered at Masada were not found in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-oldest-manuscripts-Bible-Ancient-copies-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Qumran-Masada-Nahal-Hever-Nahal-Seelim-Wadi-Murabbaat-Masoretic-Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... Diodorus Siculus, writing, nineteen centuries ago, of the wonderful exploits of Scsoosis, or Sesostris (who seems to have been a com ... of the ancient Hebrews and the modern Arabs (all of their records dating later than the building of the Great Wall), is in various shapings ... The possibility of this would seem to be in the Egyptian name "Tar," a "fortress," being con founded in the lapse of time with the Arabic ... straightforwardness. 4 The baneful influence of the Land of Bond age had been felt even by him who could be called the " Father of the ... And this gives another hint toward the fixing of its site. 6. GERAR AND BERED. Although the precise location of Abraham s dwelling-place, as ... This again corresponds with all that we have before learned of its probable site, and gives added data for its fixing. The wedge shape of this ... art for it as a fortified Wall of granite, whose battlements are square stone, and every gate of it is iron. The strangers enter not into it." ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Top Plans: Qumran 100 BC Qum'ran Synagogue Home of the Dead Sea Scrolls 1. History of Qumran: a. "Qumran first came to life in the Late Iron II period, probably as an military outpost of the Judean monarchy. The site's deepest and sole round cistern dates to that era. After centuries of abandonment, the site was re-built during the Hellenistic period. While the extent of the earliest renewal of occupation remains unclear, major construction totally re-shaped the site beginning about the time of John Hyrcanus, ca. 135 bce. Archaeological data correlate with the literary data on the group's history. The withdrawal to Qumran was led by the Teacher of Righteousness within a generation or so of the founding of the sect." (Origin and Early History of the Qumran Sect, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Biblical Archaeologist: Volume 58, 2001 AD) 2. No synagogue building has been definitively identified at Qumran. a. Room 4, 77 or 30 seem the best candidates. b. At Quran, they ate their meals in total silence. 3. Some believe ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Qumran-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-essenes-John-Hyrcanus-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-134bc.htm

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Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 ... BAR 5:02, Mar/Apr 1979 (Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 AD) The new religious inscriptions from the Sinai The book of Kings describes a time during the 9th-7th centuries B.C. when the land was divided into two kingdoms—Judah in the south and Israel in the north. Phoenicia and ... But since Palmer's day archaeologists have learned a great deal about pottery dating. After the 1967 Six-Day War we came to the site and by examining the sherds which lay strewn about we were able to detect Palmer's error easily and to date the site to Iron Age II or the Israelite period. This new date identified the site as the southernmost outpost of the Judean kingdom, and it became a prime candidate for excavation. A few years later I led the archaeological expedition to Kuntillet Ajrud on behalf of Tel Aviv University (Institutes of Archaeology, and of Nature Conservation Research); the Israel Department of Antiquity; the Department for Holy-Land Studies in the Kibbutz ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-did-yahweh-have-a-consort-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-1979ad.htm

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The Ahoroni Fortress at Quseima: One of Solomon's network of ... ... Thus, Herzog proposes an 11th century date (Herzog 1990: 238); and Finkelstein, true to his multistage theory, dates the whole process to the end of the 11th and beginning of the 10th centuries (Finkelstein and Perevolotsky 1990: 78). This ... At the oasis and in the neighbouring region there are scattered remains of many temporary and permanent settlements, dating from the Palaeolithic, the Middle Bronze I and the Israelite, the Persian and the Roman-Byzantine periods. The large ... The shape of the fortress were of varied shapes because they conformed to the topography of the hill top to maximize security and surveillance. "The site [Ahoroni Fortress] is particularly large in fact by far the largest of its type. The location is also ... As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the pottery was of two types: ordinary, wheel-made pottery, characteristic of the Iron Age; and rough, handmade pottery, of the type known as "Negev ware" (Cohen 1986). The number of Negev ware ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-quseima-ahoroni.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... ... Cohen believed Kuntillet Ajrud had three continuous periods of occupation by a centralized government under the direction of several kings of Judah beginning with Solomon. e. Secondary use of a fortress structure build by ... the facts and details because their dating of the site to the last days of Elisha may be correct. 3. In support of a date for Kuntillet Ajrud of 830-775 BC or even later: a. It is tantalizing to try to date Kuntillet Ajrud, to pinpoint in whose reign this religious center was established. The pottery and the form of the script suggests the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 8th centuries. (Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 AD) b. The date of the site, determined by typological and paleographic ... After the 1967 Six-Day War we came to the site and by examining the sherds which lay strewn about we were able to detect Palmer's error easily and to date the site to Iron Age II or the Israelite period. This new date identified ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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Book of Balaam Son of Beor Inscription at Tell Deir Alla, Succoth ... ... It seems to have been one long column with at least 50 lines, displayed on a plastered wall. According to the excavators' dating, the disaster was most likely the severe earthquake which occurred in the time of King Uzziah (Azariah) ... They belong to stratum IX at the site, which has been dated to the ninth and eighth centuries bce, with the inscriptions, themselves, dated on the basis of laboratory tests to ca. 800 bce (Ibrahim and van der Kooij 1991). Tel Deir ʿAlla is located about eight kilometers east of the Jordan, not far from the northern bank of the Zerqa river (the biblical Jabbok), which flows into the Jordan. The plaster inscriptions are on display in the Archaeological Museum in Amman, Jordan." (Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical ... Vol. 27, No. 1,2147, Part I, 1989 AD) 3. The language off the 11 Tablets a. "The conclusion from these linguistic data is that either these tablets were written by Hebrews, or they were written in a Transjordanian dialect of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-balaam-son-of-beor-inscription-tell-deir-alla-succoth-1400-750bc.htm

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How long was the flood? How long did it take to Build Noah's ... Genesis 6:21 4. The construction of Noah's ark should not surprise us since the pre-flood world was sophisticated in that they had musical instruments and knew how to smelter iron. ... for my talk at the Near East Archaeological Society meeting, I reviewed a lot of the publications of Manfred Bietak and others regarding the excavations at Tell el-Daba/Avaris. ... The royal cubit is known from Old Kingdom architecture dating from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser around 2,700 BCE" (The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary, Mark H. Stone, Journal of Anthropology, Volume 2014 AD) "For the ... most accurately wrought, the best preserved, and the most exactly measured, of all the data that are known." (The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Field and Tuer, W. M. F. Petrie, ... cities will hear your prayers, you will prosper from your offices and enjoy a fine old age, if you pronounce my name and if you do for me as for one who enjoys the favor of his ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ark/noahs-ark-dimensions-size-120-years-time-to-build-75-years.htm

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Archeology of the Greek language at the Time of Christ ... AD) Septuagint Greek scroll of the Greek Twelve Minor Prophets written in 50 BC: Dating to 50 BC, this is a Greek (Septuagint) translation of the 12 minor prophets by Jews before Christ was born. ... footnote 126, p198, 1975 AD) "The large quantity of archaeological finds relating to ancient synagogues is an important factor in any discussion of Hellenization and its effects in late antiquity. ... Although no synagogues are clearly attested during the period of Ezra and Nehemiah (late fifth and early fourth centuries bce), the tradition traces the practice of translating Scripture from Hebrew into ... Herod the Great reigned from 39-1BC and he killed all the children of Bethlehem under age 2 years old. Inscriptions on Herod the Great's weigh stones are exclusively in Greek: "Herod was the first ... This was the first Temple of YHWH outside Judea: Elephantine in 530 BC See Full outline on YHWH temple at Elephantine History of the Elephantine Temple: The Jewish fortress of Elephantine likely ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Archeology-of-Bible-languages-Greek-Tanakh-synagogue-inscriptions-coins-Jewish-grave-tombstones-first-century-time-Jesus.htm

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The Septuagint, LXX: 10 Archeological proofs the Septuagint Tanakh ... ... According to experts in papyrology, it is to be dated between 50 bce and 50 ce, more probably towards the end of the 1st century bce." (The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek ... other second- and third-century b.c. texts that reference the Greek Pentateuch. The dating of the other books is less certain but the scholarly consensus is that the LXX was ... The LXX is, thus, very much a product of the Hellenistic age. It is possible, of course, that the codices of the fourth and fifth centuries a.d. incorporate some post-Hellenistic modifications affecting the gemstones named, but at present there is no reason to think this happened." (Old Testament Gemstones: A Philological, Geological, and Archaeological Assessment of the Septuagint, J. A. Harrell, Bulletin for Biblical ... Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles], in some cases we have data which lead to a more definite conclusion. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Greek-Bible-entire-Tanakh-39-books-translated-complete-by-150BC.htm

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Exodus Route: Men who misled the world away from truth ... later, in 1896 AD, Kades was next visited by Lagrange who said when he visited the site: "the deception [of Trumbull] was so strong, the disenchantment so deep, that I ... There is no known archaeology in Saudi Arabia or anywhere near Mt. Lawz that coincides with the Late Bronze Age period of the exodus at the time of Moses. b. Professional, three-dimensional, gridded excavations by the Saudis in their AD 2002 "Al-Bid" report (1423 H.) proves the "infamous" sites popularized as being built at the time of Moses are in fact Nabatean dating to the time of Christ. 2. Rule #2: Ignore 100% of archaeological claims made by ... Agrippa created a map of the world just before the Birth of Christ in 2 BC. This map was widely circulated for centuries but none have survived. His cartographic work is referenced ... He not only shifts time, but all known pottery assemblages together with it. For example, Ramesses II (LBIII, 1250 BC) becomes Shishak who destroyed Jerusalem (Iron IIA, 925 BC). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/exodus/bible-archaeology-Exodus-Route-deception-Apion-Queen-Helena-Henry-Trumbull-Ron-Wyatt-Bob-Cornuke-Lennart-Moller-Jim-Caldwell-Ryan-Mauro-Gordon-Franz-David-Rohl.htm

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"Israel" Berlin Statue Pedestal Relief (1350 BC) "Israel" Merneptah ... Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the most historically accurate book of ... Note the boastful rhetoric of the inscription: so far from being without 'seed', Israel was to continue in the land for many centuries! Neither Joshua nor Judges mentions a clash with Egyptians." (The book of ... of the tribes of Israel occurred no earlier than the end of the Late Bronze Age or the beginning of the Iron Age. A number of scholars, however, have questioned this view by arguing that "Israel" could have been in Canaan well before 1200 bce. (Israel in Canaan Long Before Pharaoh Merenptah?, Peter van der Veen, Journal of Ancient Egyptian ... In that context we meet the only instance of the name "Israel" in ancient Egyptian writing." (Ancient Near Eastern Texts, James B. Pritchard, ANET, p376, 1969 AD) 2. The key is dating the "Israel" Merneptah Stele to ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-victory-stele-of-merneptah-israel-1205bc-israel-berlin-statue-pedestal-relief-1350bc.htm

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King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ... ... Our finds here included two Egyptian cult fragments: The first depicts a person sitting cross-legged with the position of his hands suggestive of prayer; the second mentions the god Amun. Dating to the second millennium B.C.E., a figurine of a goddess adorned with an Egyptian-style wig was also found here. These finds suggest that the bamah [holy place] was built on the site ... A city was founded which was destroyed at the same time that Shiloh was destroyed. The archaeological evidence at Tel Dan shows the following picture: after the Late Bronze age there is a definite change in the material culture, which ushers in the Iron age. Whether this took place in the late 13th or in the early 12th century is difficult to say. Certainly by the ... existed here already in the Middle Bronze II age." (Tel Dan, Avram Biran, Biblical Archaeologist, vol 37, 1974 AD) "Late Bronze Age remains of the 16th and 15th centuries B.C.E. (Late Bronze I) were found in practically all of the areas excavated. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Jerusalem 18 BC ... in point of age, were to be shipped to Sardinia and there employed in suppressing brigandage: "if they succumbed to the pestilential climate, it was a cheap loss." ... Bernice/Benghazi (Bernike in Cyrenaica, dating to 55/6 CE) mentions renovating a synagogue, in which case the reference must be to a building; (2) The paleography of the inscription is a lapidary script similar to and consistent with Herodian script, therefore antedating 70 CE; (3) The stratigraphy of the site in which the inscription was found is Herodian and rules out a date later than 70 CE. He concludes that the synagogue in Jerusalem was constructed in the late 1st c. BCE or early 1st c. ... Kee challenged the earlier consensus that had dated it to the first century C.F-1 himself assigning an origin of two to three centuries later. This suggestion led several researchers, especially Riesner and Kloppenborg Verbin, to carefully re-examine both the monument's palaeography and the archaeological context of its recovery. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Jerusalem-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-Theodotos-Vettenos-archisynagogos-Freemen-Ophel-Cistern-18bc.htm

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Samaritan Pentateuch Textual Variants: Joshua's Altar was on ... ... by the vast evidence of numerous text types of biblical texts that circulated in the late first century BCE; each text type was probably deemed sacred by the circle of those who heard the text. ... we must look into the highly complicated political and theological disputes between Jews and Samaritans in the late Persian and early Hellenistic periods (late fourth to early third centuries B.C.). ... This textual change most probably occurred between 350 and 300 B.C." (Joshua's Altar-An Iron Age I Watchtower, Aharon Kempinski, BAR 12.01, Feb 1986 AD) 3. "This new discovery from Qumran, and the fact ... considered a "Samaritan correction" but should be regarded as an original Israelite text, dating many hundreds of years before the rise of the Jewish-Samaritan polemics of the Second Temple period. ... Gerizim while opposing completion of the Jerusalem Temple a. The Samaritan temple on Mt. Gerizim on the site of Joshua's Altar. 2. 445 BC: Tobias the ammonite builds his temple a. see full outline ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Samaritan-Pentateuch-SP-Bible-Manuscript-Textual-Variants-Old-Testament-scribal-gloss-error-Deut27-4-Mt-Gerizim-Ebal-Dead-Sea-Scroll-4Q33-Deuteronomy-f.htm

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Lunar Eclipses at birth and death of Christ: 1 BC and 3 April ... ... With the right eclipse, Christ was born 2 BC. What is stunning, is that this event most likely marks Herod's Slaughter of the Children 2 years of age and younger. Josephus notes that ... NASA data shows that the total eclipse of 10 January 1 BC is the best choice in dating the death of Herod based upon the writings of Josephus: Antiquities 17.167. This places the birth of Christ most likely in the spring of that same year of 1 BC. NASA data ... due largely to studies of the change of the earth's rate of rotation over the centuries. [Known as Delta T "ΔT"] Using ancient astronomical observations from Babylon and ... For the zone of totality to pass either to the west or east of Aula Regia, either ΔT< 890 s or > 1210 s. Intermediate values - which would render the eclipse total at this site - are ... This was the same situation in mid-162 BCE near the end of a sabbatical year. Thus, Tishri 163-Elul 162 was a Sabbatical year. Since the summer of 162 BCE fell during a Sabbatical ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/jesus-christ-died-death-cross-eclipse-red-blood-moon-sun-darkness-earthquake-bodies-raised-resurrection-temple-veil-torn-in-two-centurian-son-of-god-3-april-33AD.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gamla 76 BC ... patience under his afflictions, made him pity him, as did also the commiseration of his age, when he recalled to mind that but a little while ago he was fighting, but lay now in the ... The dating of the Gamla synagogue is difficult: the early phase of the synagogue probably dates to the end of Herod's rule. The coins found on or below the hall floor are Seleucid (200-125 BCE) and Hasmonean (125-63 BCE); the latest coins are Herodian. It is possible that an even earlier synagogue existed at the site (Syon and Yavor 2001:11). Yavor (2010:60-61) now proposes that the synagogue was a single-phase building, except ffor the auxiliary rooms which were added slightly later, and that it could not have been constructed earlier than the turn of the era. Therefore, on archaeological grounds it should be dated like other ... Conclusion: 1. The synagogue from literary references clearly dates back to 78 BC and was most likely built by Alexander Jannaeus. 2. Gamla is rightly named "the Rebel fortress": a. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gamla-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-ark-scrolls-niche-mikveh-heart-columns-bema-Judas-jewish-war-ballista-coin-76bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #24: Letter from Zedekiah to send troops ... Near Eastern Archaeological Society (NEAS) lecture November 2020 Watch video now The amazing story told in Arad ostraca 40 and 24: Letter 1: Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "No troops sent" Letter 2: Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" The story told by Ostraca #40 and 24: 1. Edomite history: At age 30, Esau moves ... they refuse to send troops to Ramah-Negev because of the threat of Edomite attacks at their fortress of Kinah. Archeology has proven there were fortresses dating to around 600 BC at Arad, Kinah (Horvat Uza) and Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira). (Steven Rudd, 2015 ... Al-though the names Moladah and Malatha/Moleatha are etymologically differ-ent, in light of the similarity of the topographical data and the sound of names, Abel suggested identifying Moladah ... in the period after the borrowing of the alphabet by the Greeks, circa the tenth and ninth centuries B.C.E. Footnote 16. M. Heltzer, Some Northwest Semitic Epigraphic Gleanings from the IX-VI ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad24-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-life-and-death-matter-Eliashib-Malchijah-Elisha-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Edom-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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Aramaic: Native language of Jesus Here is a Greek synagogue building dedication inscription from Schedia Egypt dating to 240 BC: See also: Detailed outline on the Schedia inscription 3. By 200 BC, Hebrew became a specialized ... Latin: The official language of the Roman empire. 2. Evidence of first century trilingualism: a. "Today, thanks to the study of both inscriptions and archaeological data, as well as to other linguistic ... In 410 BC, the Jewish Elephantine letters to Jerusalem were all written in Aramaic. e. "In the centuries before the Christian era Hebrew was replaced as the vernacular in Palestine by Aramaic. The ... Black, p28, 1968 AD) 2. Jesus' use of Hebrew at age 12 in the temple contributed to their amazement of his knowledge of the scriptures in their "professional academic" language of Hebrew. a. ... scholarly purpose: for the library of the Ptolemaic king. As a matter of fact, however, it was probably made for the Jews living in Egypt in the 3rd c. bce. Which language did they speak and write? ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-default-working-language-Jesus-first-century-Aramaic-Greek-Hebrew-Latin.htm

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FORGERY: Fake Bulla of Baruch son of Neriah, Jeremiah's Scribe ... The script is the formal-cursive Hebrew of the 7th century BCE The samek in the bottom line has the typical cursive "tick" in the lower horizontal stroke. The unusual ... run excavations. While genuine bullae and seals do come from the Black market through illegal site looting, fake bullae always come from forger's basements. ... TWO OF THESE THINGS ARE NOT LIKE THE OTHERS: Every bullae in the provenanced IAA Iron I and city of David excavations are made the same way which was very different ... This phenomenon is completely absent in the eighth to sixth centuries b.c.e., when bulla formation was consistently based on the two-layer method. If this was done ... In other words a fine white grit was glued to the fake bullae giving them the appearance of age. 12. FIRED WITH PETINA VS. UNFIRED WITHOUT PETINA: All the bullae in ... Of course, laboratories and archaeological scientists may be divided in their opinions, as has happened with many other biblical-era artifacts discussed recently by ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-bulla-jeremiah-clay-bullae-inscription-Belonging-to-Baruch-Berechiah-Son-of-Neriah-The-scribe-Jer-36-4-1975-1996ad-Reuben-Hecht-israel-museum-605bc-forgery-fake.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra ... ... During the Iron Age (1200-333 BC), people came together to form more formidable, veritable little 'nations' that endured because of their higher level of political, ... Malichus II died in 70 and was succeeded by Rabbel II (70-106), whose mother, Queen Shuqailat, acted as regent for a few years until he came of age and assumed power. ... Much archaeological evidence from Petra itself indicates that the Roman occupation and annexation may even have resulted, ironically, in something of an economic and ... A smaller detachment of troops may also have been stationed at the Roman legionary fortress at Udruh, 15 kilometres east of Petra. Despite the increased use of the ... After the abdication of Diocletian, the Emperor Constantine assumed power in 312, and soon established the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire at the site of the ... into a church some time before 447. The historical references to bishops from Petra show that organised worship took place here during the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra-a-guide-to-the-capital-of-the-nabataeans-1986ad.htm

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Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted ... Send 50 soldiers from Arad and 100 from Kinah under the command of Malchijah from Arad, and deliver them to the command of Elisha, commander of the Ramah-Negev fortress that is under Edomite attack OR DIE. f. ... Advocates of Kadesh Barnea at Qudeirat and others like Glen Fritz whose site for Kadesh is 35 km east of Ein Hatseva (Hormah) are forced to create the fiction that the "Biblical Negev" did not extend south of Arad ... Fritz correctly admits no archaeological evidence dating to the time of Moses has been found in Saudi Arabia or anywhere near Mt. Lawz or Mt. Maqla. "Lacking datable Bronze Age inscriptions, adornments, and pottery, there is little concrete information" (Exodus Mysteries, Glen Fritz, p226, 2019 AD). The science of Fritz's blunt denial of archaeological ... Correcting his two charts onto the same 1:1 scale, his slopes are almost a perfect match to what Rudd calculated for both Nuweiba and Tiran. Fritz's problem was not in his data, but his misleading presentation of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm

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A Critique of NAMI Don Patton Randall Price on Mount Ararat Noah ... ... In October of that year he delivered an invited lecture on "Archaeological Method and the Search for Noah's Ark" at the October 2008 International Symposium on Noah's ... of the contradictions and errors in the research and data, that the situation will not be improved by the claim that a real structure has now been discovered on Mt. ... Dating would be foolish." Four thousand year old wood from the Ark would have to be hard and tough. The distinctive covering of pitch would penetrate below the surface like creosote, an excellent preservative. The "movie set" wood found at the site of the "made in China" ark is about as far from what would be expected of ark wood as one could imagine. Wood from NAMI site 1.jpg Wood from NAMI site showing intentional charring to give appearance of age Click to View NAMI wood plank showing ... it was supposed that the animal figurine, as well as the pottery, may have been votive objects brought to the site by those in past centuries that revered the site. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ark/NAMI-noahs-ark-discovered-found-made-in-china-fraud/NAMI-noahs-ark-discovered-dr-don-patton-randall-price-made-in-china-fraud-20-nov-2010.htm

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Bulwarks of the Faith Foy E Wallace JR. Refuting Dogmas Catholicism ... ... He who obtains this Part One will have a library of material on Catholicism possessed by comparatively few. And he who studies the data will more clearly see and be able to teach others more ... rule the whole world, in universal sway of power by "the rod of iron," and thus coerce into submission and obedience the unwilling subjects of this supposed earthly government of Jesus Christ. ... The dominant personalities of this period were Gregory, Boniface and Charlemagne. It was preluded by rapid de-partures in the church dating from the apostolic age to the edict of Constantine, culminating into the ... From the days of Constantine until far down into the middle ages, through eighteen centuries of time, the em-pire was recognized conjointly with the papacy, the head and the center of what the ... Eight crosses the Catholics worship, different sorts and kinds representing different ob-jects of Roman Catholic idolatry. It would reduce Christianity to cults of site worshippers and relic ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/catholic/Catholic-church-doctrine-Bulwarks-of-the-Faith-Foy-E-Wallace-JR-Refuting-Dogmas-Catholicism-Protestant-Denominationalism-1951AD.htm

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Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ... ... See also the Arad Ostraca correspondence above where Zedekiah writes letters on pottery sherds to the fortress at Arad. Letter 1: Jeremiah chapters 50-51 in October 595 BC: Jeremiah writes a scroll, two ... Out of two probes a few sherds were found from the end of Iron I, some from Iron II, and a few more from the Persian-Hellenistic and Roman periods. Biran concluded that the site was occupied from about the ... There was no subsequent archaeological work at either Anata or Ras el-Kharrubeh until the Levitical City survey team visited the two sites in 1971. At Anata, all the sherds found were Arab and Byzantine (as Blair had observed), with the exception of one possible Iron II sherd. At Ras el-Kharrubeh there was an abundance of pottery dating from Iron II as well as ... The Levitical City survey work at Ras-Kharrubeh and Anata supports the original claims of Alt (Peterson 1977: 409-26). At these two sites we have another example of an Iron Age/Persian city shifting locations ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc

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Archeology of the Oppression, Exodus and Conquest of Israel: ... ... KHIRBET EL-MAQATIR: AI OF JOSHUA (1446 BC): Notice the Late bronze (1406 BC) wall that surrounded the city Joshua conquered, had later Iron I (1200-1000 BC) walls ... known as the archeological site named Tel el Dab'a. 10. In 1806 BC Joseph dies. 11. Joseph is buried in the great tomb structure at Avaris excavated at Tel el Dab'a. ... latest." (Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Redford, Donald, Bronze Age Collapse, Ch 8, 1992 AD) 2. Sinai 349: The Egyptians are in great fear of the ... This inscription is part of a collection of pessimistic and negative texts. See also Sinai 357, 353, 360. Given the dating of 1480 BC, it is a perfect match for the ... So far as we can tell from the archaeological evidence presently at hand, there were no Egyptians living there during the reign of Thutmose." (A Survey of Old ... Furthermore another Semitic expression s-g-r is used for an enclosure or a fortification of a fortress in the same region (papyri Anastasi V.19, 7). Even Tjeku, the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeological-evidence-of-the-Exodus-Egyptian-Oppression-Hebrew-Conquest-Israel-Sinai-inscriptions-Jacob-in-Egypt-Joseph-Moses-inscription.htm

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242 Dates for the End of the world!!! Date Setters! ... A Roman priest and theologian in the second and third centuries, predicted Christ would return in A.D. 500, based on the dimensions of Noah's ark. 500 Return of ... This had a special month, according to one author. He foresaw the month of Sept as the time for our Lord's return. The Church Age will last 2000 years from the time ... of James Ussher, an Irish archbishop, who estimated that the first day of creation occurred on 4004-OCT-23 BCE. This would make the time interval between the creation of the world and a common estimate of the birth of Christ to be precisely 4000 years. Some people believe that Ussher fudged the data to make it come out neatly. ... The Sacerdotal Knights of National Security report that "A space alien captured at a UFO landing site in eastern Missouri cracked under interrogation by the CIA and ... Elohim City In the Cookson Hills of eastern Oklahoma lies the fortress-town of Elohim City, where about 100 heavily armed inhabitants work, pray and conduct ... ... https://www.bible.ca/pre-date-setters.htm

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Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ... ... 2 May in the year ad 73, when it was finally conquered by the Romans." (The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Masada) ii. "According to Josephus the end ... Daniel's figure of 1,150 days does not exactly agree with the number from Maccabees, but it is close enough. We will use the dating from 1 Maccabees, understanding it ... that he had his sons as hostages for his fidelity to himself, and that the flourishing age they were in would make them fit instruments under their father's prudence. ... those who managed the ram, under the protection of the hurdles, with fire, and iron weapons, and stones; (241) and these could do little or nothing, but fell ... By the time the Romans came to his home town of Magdala, Josephus had already been captured at the fortress of Jotapata. c. The local Jews tore out the brilliant red, ... They were excavated in a large underground hiding discovered on site in 2013 AD. c. Jerusalem was under siege and nobody got in or out: i. "And now the war having ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible-Only-Revelation-Commentary-Josephus-Chronology-Destruction-Jerusalem-First-Jewish-War-70AD.htm

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Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ... ... 2 May in the year ad 73, when it was finally conquered by the Romans." (The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Masada) ii. "According to Josephus the end ... Daniel's figure of 1,150 days does not exactly agree with the number from Maccabees, but it is close enough. We will use the dating from 1 Maccabees, understanding it ... that he had his sons as hostages for his fidelity to himself, and that the flourishing age they were in would make them fit instruments under their father's prudence. ... those who managed the ram, under the protection of the hurdles, with fire, and iron weapons, and stones; (241) and these could do little or nothing, but fell ... By the time the Romans came to his home town of Magdala, Josephus had already been captured at the fortress of Jotapata. c. The local Jews tore out the brilliant red, ... They were excavated in a large underground hiding discovered on site in 2013 AD. c. Jerusalem was under siege and nobody got in or out: i. "And now the war having ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible%20Only%20Revelation%20Commentary%20Josephus-Chronology%20Destruction%20Jerusalem%20Steven%20Rudd.pdf

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Jehoiakim, King of Judah 609-598 BC seals, bulla They're Digging ... Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. ... III. Accession vs non-accession reckoning of lengths of kings reigns and bible chronological events: Period Accession reckoning/dating Always used by Daniel, ... Nebuchadnezzar was involved in campaigns in Egypt, Syria, and Phoenicia at the time his father died, but it has been verified by recent archaeological discoveries. ... Zedekiah, Josiah's son and Jehoiakim's younger brother, becomes king at age 21. Jeconiah/Jehoiachin is the end of the line of the Davidic dynasty. Most notable is the ... For seven years [I] prayed to the gods of silver and gold, [bronze and iron], wood and stone and clay, because [I believed] that they were gods ...' (The Dead Sea ... and provide tribute." (Nebuchadnezzar, ABD) b. "Then in 605 bce, while the king remained home, Nebuchadnezzar led the Babylonian army in an attack on Carchemish. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Jehoiakim-Eliakim-king-judah-Jeremiah-36-burnt-scroll-2ki23-33-bible-burner-satan-609-598bc.htm

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The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) Bible manuscript: Oldest and only ... ... The Septuagint, a Greek translation composed around the second century BCE, actually shares over 6000 commonalities with the Samaritan Pentateuch and less with the ... 1914 AD) c. "Origen (ca. 185-ca. 254), dating Dositheus the Samaritan in the time of the apostles and of Simon Magus, writes that the Dositheans are named after him. ... that may well have been a popular textual tradition of the Torah used in an-cient Israel in the last pre-Christian centuries in addition to texts of the MT family. ... Gerizim beside Shechem.) 3. Samaritan corrupted Genesis 11:32: The age of Terah at dead is reduced from 205 to 145 years. a. While the numbers in the MT show that ... The same change based on the Samaritan ideology pertains to the frequent Deuteronomic formulation, "the site which the Lord will choose," alluding to Jerusalem. From ... an altar to Shehmaa your Eloow-wem, an altar of stones. you shall lift up no iron on them. v14e And you shall build the altar of Shehmaa your Eloowwem of complete ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Samaritan-Pentateuch-SP-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Paleo-Hebrew-1362AD.htm

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Cosmic Consciousness, Richard Maurice Bucke, 1901 AD ... three years, made its appearance in the race certainly more than a thousand centuries ago, while the musical sense, which does not appear in the individual before ... to 'cosmic consciousness': 'Doubtless the vision grew more dim and the voice less distinct as time passed and the feebleness of age and sickness advanced upon him. ... the next room-then thoroughly clean up and new paper his present room-put a new (iron) bedstead into it and a good set of linen and all necessaries. [-] Put him back ... human mind is made up of a great many faculties and these are of all ages some dating back millions or many millions of years, other only thousands of years, others ... The year after his birth, Bucke,s parents emigrated to Upper Canada with their seven young children. They settled in a pioneer homestead on a site "not a hundred ... The author and publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any reference or credit in subsequent editions. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/cosmic-consciousness-richard-maurice-bucke-1901ad.htm

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REFUTED: Full-Preterist, "Realized Eschatology", "AD 70 doctrine ... ... Even if Caiaphas was as young as 50 in AD 18, this would make him about 100 years old in AD 66. c. Archaeological confirmation Caiaphas died before the first Jewish ... in 1 Corinthians 9:7-14 and 1 Tim 5:18. This concept is never applied to anyone under the mosaic age and represents an entirely new and surprising prophetic text. c. ... This gives fulfillment in Isaiah 53 in the life of Isaiah, who like Christ suffered for the sins of the people. b. Extra-Biblical traditions dating to 200 BC say that ... rough places smooth; I will shatter the doors of bronze and cut through their iron bars. "I will give you the treasures of darkness And hidden wealth of secret ... these prophecies to be Messianic in spite of their first fulfillment centuries earlier. 8. How the Jews approached the Olivet discourse after the day of Pentecost: a. ... In Josephus Wars 2.433-440, (Dating to 28th August AD 66) Manahem breaks into Herod's army supply room in the fortress on Masada and comes marching to Jerusalem in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Refuted-Full-Preterism-Realized-eschatology-debunked-exposed-second-coming-Parousia-rapture-destruction-Jerusalem-70AD-Doctrine-Revelation-Commentary.htm

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Beidha, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea: mass food production ... Beidha is 5 km north of Petra and Basta is 12 km SE of Petrra. The problem of course, is that both Beidha and Basta are both PPN (pre-pottery Neolithic) sites, meaning there is no pottery found at either site. PPN sites sites are dated to 6500 BC strictly because of the lack of pottery, yet this is clearly mistaken because PPN is contemporaneous all the way down to the Iron age. There have always been isolated sites that never used pottery and it is a mistake to automatically date them thousands of years before the Early Bronze Age for that reason alone. While it is clear that evolutionary dating of the PPN sites of Beidha and Basta at 6500 BC is absurd given the creation of ... millennium BC); and, ultimately, terraced Nabatean agricultural fields (during the 1st millennium AD). (All dates in this report are in uncalibrated radiocarbon years before 1950.) A considerable hiatus separates each of these occupations (Fig. 34)." (Early Village Life At Beidha: Neolithic, Brian Byrd, 2005 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-beidha.htm

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Ancient Synagogues : Shuafat Synagogue (Khirbet er-Ras) Khirbat er-Ras is located on the northern bank of the Refa'im Valley, at the southern end of the Manabat (Malba) ridge, where Nabal Manabat runs into Nabal Refa'im (map ref. 21699/62801; Gibson 1977:30-31; Edelstein, Milevski and Aurant 1998: Plan 2.1; Kloner 2000:30*, Site 39; Gadot 2011; Fig. 1). (Khirbat Er-Ras, Jerusalem: Iron Age And Ottoman-Period Remains, Nurit ... Unless further excavations or more detailed information can strengthen the case for the identification of this building as a synagogue, the authors believe the claim should be withdrawn." (The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 AD, Anders Runesson, p75, 2008 AD) b. "The archaeological remains of the ... The settlement was founded in the 2nd century BCE and was inhabited until 31 BCE when a catastrophic earthquake inflicted considerable damage on the area. The complex measures about 50 meters square and contains the remains of several miqva'ot. In the early 1st century BCE, a subterranean room in this complex ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Shuafat-Khirbeth-a-ras-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-1991-Alexander-Onn-benches-mikveh-31bc.htm

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The Civilization of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck ... records of Mernepthah ( cir. 1235-1227 B.C.) and Ramses III ( cir. 1198-1167 B.C. ). It may further be mentioned in this connection, that there are no archaeological traces of Horites in either the hill country of Edom or in the Wadi Arabah or in southernmost Palestine, unless under Horites are to be stood purely ... The main period of the development of these kingdoms during the Iron Age extended between the 13th and 8th centuries B.C., after which a period of deterioration set in, culminating in complete destruction in the 6th century B.C. These were highly advanced, strongly organized, internally well integrated kingdoms. The land was clotted with well built stone ... There was also an ancient trade-route that led from Sela or Petra to the Wadi Arabah, then south to Ezion-geber:Elath ( or Aila as the Naba-taean-Roman-Byzantine site which took its place farther to the east, nearer modern Aqabah, became known later on), and westward via Qurnub to Gaza and Ascalon. This trade-route ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-civilization-of-the-edomites-nelson-glueck-1947ad.htm

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World Site of Dinosaur Figurines of Mexico: evidence that dinosaurs ... ... In 1955 Charles Hapgood, respected1 Professor of Anthropology at the University of New Hampshire, conducted an elaborate investigation including extensive radiometric dating. He was accompanied by Earl Stanley Gardner, former District Attorney of the city of Los Angeles, ... In 1990 an investigation was conducted by Neal Steedy, an independent archeologist who's livelihood depends on contract work from the Mexican government. He arbitrarily selected an excavation site considerably removed from the Julsrud site. Chards were found but no figurines. He commissioned radiocarbon tests for samples from the Julsrud ... The Chupicauro civilization flourished from about 500 BC to 500 AD, roughly a thousand years before the Tarascan. Julsrud at age sixty-nine was on the brink of making a discovery that may prove to be the greatest archaeological discovery ever made. Waldemar hired a Mexican farmer, Odilon Tinajero, to dig in the area where the ceramic figurines were found and bring him any ... ... https://www.bible.ca/tracks/tracks-acambaro.htm

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Scientific Age of the Earth ... Dept. of Geophysics, U. of Western Ont., "In conventional interpretation of K-Ar age data, it is common to discard ages which are substantially too high or too low compared with the rest of the group or with other available data such as the geological time scale. ... lead was around to begin with still remains...If all of the age-dating methods (rubidium-strontium, uranium-lead and potassium-argon) had yielded the same ages, the picture would be neat. But they haven't. The lead ages, for example, have been consistently older...Isotopic ages have been obtained for material from five landing sites on the moon--those of Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15 and Luna 16; each site has a different age. But in a given site, the ages also vary... ... Bones Of Contention, p.194 "C14 AGES IN ERROR", Robert E. Lee, "The Imperfect Art Of Estimating Geological Time" "The troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are undeniably deep and serious. Despite 35 years of technological refinement and better under-standing, ... ... https://www.bible.ca/tracks/dp-age-science.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... Kadesh Barnea (Ain el-Qudeirat) A fortress from the time of the Judaean Kingdom Rudolph Cohen The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 1983 AD The Site Biblical Tradition Kadesh-barnea's importance in the history of the Jewish people derives primarily from its biblical association with ... Abraham's role in this episode, as well as the description of his dwelling in the Negev "between Kadesh and Shur" (Gen. 20:1) connects Kadesh-barnea with the Patriarchal Age. Most of the references to Kadesh-barnea, however, are connected ... In 1956, Dothan conducted excavations at the site, and was able to clarify many details connected with the ground plan of the fortress. Dothan ascribed its construction to the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. (during the reign of Jehoshaphat), and ... The importance of Kadesh-barnea and its central role in the region in the period of the Monarchy are reflected in the archaeological finds. The excavations attest to settlement continuity from the 10th to the 5-4th centuries B.C.E. The ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gush Halav, Gischala 78 BC On one of the column drums was a Hebrew inscription reading: 'Jose son of Tanhum made this shrine. Let him be blessed.' Both buildings are among the early group of synagogues (i.e. they date from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD). The site is identified with el-Jish in Upper Galilee." (The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Gush-Halav) b. A church was built on top of remains of ... E [A city in which are not less than] three courtyards, each with two houses, surrounded by a wall from the time of Joshua ben Nun, F such as: I the old castle of Sepphoris; 2. the fortress of Gush Halab, 3. old Yodpat, 4. Gamala, 5. Gadwad, 6. Hadid, 7. Ono, 8. Jerusalem, 9. and the like." (Mishna, m. ... That implies also that whatever Hasmonean (or Herodian) military garrison was in the area was located at Gush Halav, and not Meiron. Given "the significant quantities of Chalcolithic, Early Bronze, and Middle Bronze pottery, ... significant quantities of Iron II material," ... "several nearly complete ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gush-Halav-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-John-of-Gischala-first-jewish-war-revolt-bema-heart-columns-ark-scrolls-78bc.htm

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The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ... Centuries of experience had produced a brick measuring 40 by 20 by 10 centimeters, with which an excellent wall two and a half bricks thick could he produced, of enduring strength. Some of the walls of the smelter have stood almost to their original height for nearly thirty centuries. When finally heat cracked the walls of the ... As has already been seen from previous reports, in addition to being the " Pitts-burgh of Palestine," Ezion-geber : Elath was also a strong fortress, guarding the crossroads by land and sea between Arabia and Sinai and greater Palestine. The new fortress at Aqabah, recently completed by the transjordan government, although much ... The north half of the outermost glagis on the west side was built against the outermost west wall of the industrial square. it is interesting to note that the scheme of double-walled outer defences with a dry moat between the walls 4 is known elsewhere in Transjordan. It is particularly clear there at the Early iron Age site of Khirbet ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm

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Gilgal ... It was not used for keeping sheep nor for other agricultural purposes; the fortification wall is much too monumental for that. Yet the fact that people somehow lived there was clear after we found considerable pottery. The earliest pottery repertoire dated to the 13th and 12th centuries B.C.E., nearly identical to the pottery found at the Mt. Ebal site (stratum 2) we had excavated earlier.6 It seems evident that this oval enclosure was some kind of a camp from the early Iron Age I period, that is, from the period of Israel's earliest history in Canaan. But can we be more specific? It has become fashionable in the last decade or so, especially among a group of scholars who regard themselves as "Syro-Palestinian" archaeologists,k to ignore and even to shun the Bible. The reasons for this inclination are various—from sociological to personal and political. After years of archaeological research, however, I believe it is impossible to explore Israel's origins without the Bible. At the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-gilgal.htm

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History of Biblical coins, how they were made, money weight system We live with coins and paper money but before about 600 BC, coins did not exist. Instead, a weight standard existed similar to the Gold Standard the world used up to the 20th century. Most weigh stones during the Iron age (1100-587 BC) were smooth polish dome-shaped limestone with flat bottoms. "Until 1998, only 211 of the inscribed Judaean weights had been found in archaeological excavations; more than half came from Jeru-salem and its ... As I point out in Ancient Scale Weights, duck-shaped weights are found in Mesopo-tamia as well as Egypt and Syria/Palestine. Dates for the duck-shaped weights range from around the Middle Bronze Age (ending around 1550 BCE) to the Late Iron Age (mid-sixth century BCE) and may ... Archeological excavations at Khirbet el Maqatir in Israel (Ai of Joshua, Ephraim of Jesus) located 15 km north of Jerusalem have uncovered a first century city and hundreds of coins dating from 300 BC - 70 AD. This scientific information gives us a very good look at the coins ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/bible-coins-history-money-weight-system.htm

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Origin of Synagogues: 10 Reasons why Synagogues began in Alexandria ... ... Botti, who acquired it for the museum and provided the earliest description of it,"' it was brought to him with a funerary epitaph of the early Ptolemaic era, but with no details of an archaeological context beyond its being discovered in Schedia. ... Although no synagogues are clearly attested during the period of Ezra and Nehemiah (late fifth and early fourth centuries bce), the tradition traces the practice of translating Scripture from Hebrew into Aramaic during a public reading to Ezra's reading ... AgAp 2.35.) The earliest archeological evidence for the Jewish community of Alexandria consists of tombs in the E necropolis of Ibrahimiya dating to the time of Ptolemy II, or perhaps as early as Ptolemy I (323-285 b.c.e.)." (ABD, Alexandria) b. ... The need for a new setting for the abovementioned activities eventually created the synagogue; the lack of data makes it difficult to indicate a precise date for this transition or to trace the process. Binder (2003:123, and n. 12) agrees with ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Origin-of-ancient-Synagogues-first-century-originated-at-Alexandria-Egypt-began-spawned-by-Greek-Septuagint-translation-Tanakh-Babylonian-captivity-Nehemiah-280BC.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Cana 40 BC ... This is again a second sign that Jesus performed when He had come out of Judea into Galilee." (John 4:46-54) 3. "Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didymus, and Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two others of His disciples were together." (John 21:2) D. Occupation history: 1. Pottery dating to the Iron age: Deborah to ... Now at this time my [Josephus] abode was in a village of Galilee, which is named Cana." (Josephus, Life 86) 5. "History of Cana of Galilee: Cana of Galilee has a long history. Worked stone littering the site indicates occupation as far back as the Neolithic period. Iron Age (1200-586 B.C.E.) pottery is also evident. The ... Arabs then brought Islam to the region and Christianity began to fade. It was re-established when Crusaders took control of the region for about two centuries starting around C.E. 1000. On July 4, 1187, the balance of power changed again. People from Cana, with their great view of the valley, no doubt saw a large Crusader ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Cana-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-khirbet-qana-John2-miracle-water-wine-stoneware-pot-pillar-mikveh-30bc.htm

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How Petra was Built, Shaher M. Rababeh, 2005, p223-227 Conclusions The previous chapters have dealt with the surviving evidence concerning Nabataean construction techniques. Data collected were used to provide the bases for a systematic study of the building materials and to determine the ... There are also other technical features that the Nabataeans inherited from the Iron Age practised elsewhere in the region. It is shown here that, contrary to Hammond's suggestion,' the use of wooden beams as stabilizing aids embedded between the courses ... Other sites rarely had so many rock-cut monuments, although rock cutting was sometimes necessary at them, such as to level a site or to form a theatre. This stone was probably used in buildings.19 Therefore, the most distinguishing feature of ... Since there are no earlier Nabataean domes, the possibility of influence from elsewhere arises.40 The location of the sites with, second and third centuries AD, pendentive domes, as well as the Petra one, suggests either Egypt or Mesopotamia as the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-how-petra-was-built-shaher-m-rababeh-2005ad.htm

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Reconstructing Petra Smithsonian: June 2007; Vol 38 Num 3 By ... ... Constructed during the first century B.C. and the first century A.D., it included a 600-seat theater, a triple colonnade, an enormous paved courtyard and vaulted rooms underneath. Artifacts found at the site-from ... This is Joukowsky's last season-at age 7o, she's preparing to retire- and she has no time to waste. They've just stumbled on a bathing area built in the second and third centuries AD., and the discovery is complicating her plans to wrap up the season's research. A worker hands her a piece of Roman glass and a tiny pottery rosette. She pauses to admire ... Strabo, however, scorns the Nabateans as poor soldiers and as "hucksters and merchants" who are "fond of accumulating property" through the trade of gold, silver, incense, brass, iron, saffron, sculpture, paintings ... According to the latest archaeological discoveries, Petra prospered for about 1,000 years, even after a devastating earthquake. (Christopher Tuttle Inspects a Byzantine bath.) By the fourth century A.D., Petra was ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-smithsonian-june-2007-vol38-num3.htm

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