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1: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor
A. Location B. Initial Exploration of the Site C. Recent Excavations 1. Structural and Pottery Remains a. The Western Structure b. The Eastern Structure 2. Textile Remains 3. Epigraphic Remains 4. Artistic Remains D. Conclusion A. Location Kuntillet cAtrild is located approximately 50 km south of ... KUN.01. The top of the hill is a long and narrow plateau, and the actual ruins are found at its W end. At the foot of the hill there is a concentration of shallow wells ... In 1902 the surveyor H. Musil visited the site. He arrived after hearing a rumor about the discovery of an ancient inscription there. He described in colorful detail the ... From the court area, one entered the main structure proper by first passing through a small gate room (locus 5), turning left into a narrow room divided into two wings, ... At a height of about 1.2 m a middle layer of (mostly tamarisk) branches was placed lengthwise and crosswise, thereby strengthening the wall by forming an intermediate layer ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm
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2: Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ...
... site's stratigraphy, architecture, pottery, and other artifact data have not been published in a technical report. ... The difference in height between the deepest wall foundation of the western casemate perimeter and the top of the preserved walls was 4.37 m. Tell el-Kheleifeh is not a conspicuous site today. Its appearance is ... They appear to be located south—southeast of the site's largest structure (fig. 3). The excavator's northern, eastern, and western dumps provided the reference points for location. There are no visible remains of the most distinctive architectural elements (the four-room building, the casemate or offsets/ insets ... Eight installa-tions, interpreted as hearths or ovens, were found in this casemate unit. This building, variously ... to the 8th-early 6th century B.C. Isolated forms and epigraphic data document an occupation as late as the 4th ... located on the upper portion of the handle, has an inscription like that of fig. 17. It reads, lawscril cbd hmlk, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm
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3: Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet
... said: "More important, however, is that they [the pottery] fix a date for the construction of the altar - ... was found but wrongly dated to 1250 BC. b. "SUMMARY: A small cult site for offering sacrifices was established here in stratum 2. As evidence. the excavator cites the finds uncovered beneath the main stratum IB structure and the burnt areas, which contained animal bones. A four-room house ... The excavator similarly interprets the stratum 1B remains as a main cult site of the Israelite settlers. Confirmation of this view is ... I also assisted in reconstruction of the outer temenos wall of the altar under Adam Zertal's personal supervision. ... Ebal Curse Tablet: "Defixio" by Steven Rudd, March 2022 Earliest Hebrew inscription on Earth. | Earliest Hebrew ... Ebal Lead Curse Tablet dates to the Late Bronze Age: 1406-1100 BC. Three key epigraphic features the script ... Procopius 905C is also confused: "This is situated at the Eastern part of Ierichō beyond Galgal" and he continues ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm
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4: The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD
... Stratum 4 As previously reported (Cohen 1994:208), only the eastern side of the Stratum 4 fortress (ca. 36 m long) with two ... One side of the northeastern tower was built atop an earlier Stratum 5 casemate wall, while the other side lay beneath Late ... the group of vessels of a cultic nature found in the northern part of the site. Excavators found the assemblage at the foot of the fortifications of the large (Stra-tum 5) fortress, near the remains of a small structure (6.5x2.5 m) whose walls are 0.7 m thick. ... An Edomite inscription runs above their heads: lmskt bn wham ("belonging to mskt son of wtrzm"). Courtesy of the Israel ... What was the function of the anthropomorphic pottery in a shrine—were these idols of the gods? The clay human fig-ures ... made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. ... noted in the Bible citing literary, archaeological and epigraphic evidence (Mazar 1986; 1992; Aharoni 1974; Dever 1982; ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm
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5: Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ...
... letters and in a text from Alalakh. It was also found in two texts from ca. the year 1200 B.C.E., a list of ... Myths and rituals were understood to have been part of a widespread pattern of ancient Near Eastern religious ... The idea of using symbols to discover social structure was important, as was the idea of emphasizing process ... Site reports continued to include traditional descriptions of pottery, architecture, small finds and epigraphic materials. Now they also incorporated technical descriptions, comparative analyses and locational analyses, as well as data on ethnography, demography, settlement patterns, agriculture and faunal remains ... A large basalt lion guarded the approach to the antechamber. At the rear of the innermost room, a cult niche ... It had a mudbrick platform on the southern wall of its central chamber. In each of its several subsidiary rooms ... The inscription on the late thirteenth century Lachish Ewer, a jug decorated in the palm tree and ibex motif, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm
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6: The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ...
... Between these two secure anchors is a period of about 400 years, which leaves us with enough room for a continuous debate. A major point ... There are two such minor anchors on which all the sides in this debate agree. The first is represented by the site of Jezreel excavated ... Yet this agreement works against Finkelstein's LC, since the pottery assemblage from Arad XII is identical to that found at other sites ... The interpretation of these sites as related to the United Monarchy as suggested by Cohen and others remains in my view the most feasible one. The pottery from the Negev Highland o ... ca. 8 km north/south along the eastern edge of the Wadi Araba and represents the 'gateway' to the copper ore rich district of Faynan. ... that the differ-ent excavation areas inside and outside this structure were not connected stratigraphically but linked together based ... As seen on the plan in Figure 10.7, both the western and eastern ends of the passage were closed in Stratum A2b with a stone wall. These ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm
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7: Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ...
The Phoenician inscription is not a direct match for the Torah words in Numbers 6:24, but it is clearly a paraphrase. "The Arabic name, meaning "hill of the water-source," of a site located in N Sinai. (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD). Several anomalies that make Kuntillet Ajrud unique include: no Negevite war pottery has been found to date. Unusual benches retrofitted inside the triple gate of the original fortress as a second use as a waiting room of some kind before gaining entrance. The secondary purpose of this structure is a mystery and some ... However, the period of Joash king of Israel (ca. 801-786 B.C.E.), who captured Amaziah king of Judah, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, ... It is rectangular, with four corner rooms protruding outward (resembling "towers") and with indirect entry from a small eastern ... lacks the casemate walls typical of these fortresses, and its remains are unusual for a fortress and suggest a different type of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm
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8: The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ...
... wall between two of the casemate rooms. A second gateway, almost eight feet wide, provided access through the northern side of the fortress, but at some stage it was sealed up with massive stones. West of this northern gateway was a square room, about ... smashed remains of wheel-made pottery (that, as we shall see, enabled us to date the fortress), as well as some handmade pottery. We also found the ruins of a contemporaneous settlement north of the fortress. The settlement included a number of structures. The largest and central structure had two wings of similar shape. Overall it was about 32 feet by 23 feet. Its walls, like those of the fortress, were built of rough-hewn limestone blocks. In the eastern wall were two ... In this victory inscription, which is one of the most important historical documents of its time, Shishak lists the names of the ... The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to the site still bearing that name. Identifying ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm
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9: Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ...
... The site is situated in an area where numerous outcrops of copper ore were mined in the Saharo -Arabian desert zone, at the eastern margin of ... it as an entirely Iron Age site (MacDonald 1992), clearly logging the surface pottery from the site to the Iron Age I and II (ibid. ... and buildings visible most common tree/shrub that on the site surface. grows in the local wadi environment adjacent to Khirbat en-Nahas. ... Unfortunately, there was a paucity of 'short life' samples such as grain or fruit remains found in the 2002 excavations, as might be expected on an ... Stratum A4a, above it, corresponds to a layer of metallurgical waste below the gate structure foundations. Sample OxA-12365 (Table 1) came ... Stratum A3 represents the original stage of the fortified wall perimeter, including the gate structure. Due to the intensive industrial ... The excavation of the selected structure (Figure 4) revealed a four-room building c. 6.5 x 11.0 m associated with four main strata. Stratum ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm
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10: Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ...
... Ezion-geber is within the land of Edom. This is also near the wilderness of Zin. Mt. Hor is on the eastern transjordan mountain range that flank the Arabah ... It was clearly the same Midianite (called at the time `Edomite) and Negev-type ware which had been found in the Timna smelting camps. Some of the sherds, especially fragments of a cooking pot, could also belong to Iron Age II. In the light of these pottery dates proposed at the time, and in detail in Negev, the following working hypothesis on the history of the island was put forward: the earliest remains at the site, which consist of the case-mate wall, the ... area. (Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal, Gary D. Pratico, 1985 AD) Shiloh suggests that the monumental four-room buildings, including the Tell el-Kheleifeh structure, functioned as citadels. ... The ring is now known to be Edomite not Judean. Also found here was an Edomite inscription reading: "Belonging to Qausanal, the servant of the king" For the Full ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm
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11: King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ...
Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site ... See also: 1. Hazael Victory Stele with the "House of David" inscription. 2. Headwaters of Jordan River water ... Buddha invented one of many eastern spiritual mystic self-enlightenment religions. Motivated by political ... The fine masonry, laid in headers and stretchers, resembles the monumental Israelite constructions found in ... directly against the outer wall of the bamah (Fig. 13 ); this stairway is in part superimposed over the earlier masonry. Pottery collected from the steps points to a date in the mid-9th century B.C. A number of soundings carried out on the bamah, as well as remains of an earlier flight of steps apparently built before the construction of the ramparts, indicate that some structure, perhaps of a cult nature, existed here ... Inside the back room of one lishkah we found a low stone altar. Next to the altar, lying on the floor, were two ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm
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12: Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev
... periods on the site. The pre fortress findings consisted of crude handmade pottery-mainly bowls, deep pots, and hole-mouth jars. Although these sherds could not be connected with wheel-made vessels or building remains, he dated them, ... Ussishkin: 1995 (The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin) Oval structure (not a fortress) for agricultural ... In the author's opinion, the wheel-made pottery found in the excavations and surveys of the first three fortress types clearly ... In fact, there is a striking resemblance between the array of fortresses along the eastern edge of the Central Negev-from H. ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, ... suitable to accommodate whole families, while the single-room casemates fit the requirements of a military garrison." ... In this victory inscription, which is one of the most important historical documents of its time, Shishak lists the names of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm
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13: Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD
... The earliest mention, on the monuments, of the horse in Egypt, is in the Inscription of Aahmes (Ecc. of Past, IV., 5-8), ... " The Site of Sodom"), and again in the latter s notes on Grove s articles, in the American edition of Smith s Bible Dictionary. But whichever view of this question be accepted, the argument con cerning Kedor-la omer s route remains the ... The spot by which the angel of the Lord found Hagar was not merely a foun tain of water, as we read in our version, but ... eastern boundary line of Egypt. A favorite identification of Shur has been in a range of moun tains a little to the eastward from the Gulf of Suez, having the appearance of a wall, and bearing the name Jcbcl er-llahah, being in fact the northwestern end, or extension, of Jebel et-Teeh. 2 " As 1 See page 35, supra. There seems bardly room for doubt on this point. The physical structure of the ... found twelve great walled ancient cisterns, round about which were lying many broken pieces of pottery, and ashes . . . ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm
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14: The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ...
history of the place considered to be its most important structure. It underwent numerous changes in the course of time. ... the debris in the grave yielded 24 human teeth. With the dead person, probably a man, were found the remains of a camel. ... We know from ample material that Near-Eastern rulers often had their seals made in numerous examples, to facili-tate the ... The inscription, however, is Aramaic, and con-temporary with the ostraca previously discovered, despite the fact that the sherd itself belongs to an earlier age. The settlement of Period V was the last one to be built on the site. The next one ... same time some of the pottery they produced was of exquisite shape with beautiful decorations, is beyond comprehension. ... A figurine of equal ugli-ness, representing the same type of fertility goddess, was found in another room. With it was found a tiny cup, in ... In one instance a number of household utensils was carefully placed in a pot, and the wall was then built over this ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm
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15: First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Masada 78 BC
of Genesis, Deuteronomy, Leviticus, Psalms and Ezekiel were found in the room in the northern corner of the Synagogue. a. ... several others-including sections of Psalms, Genesis, and Leviticus-were uncovered in various spots throughout the site. ... organic materials, as was the case with the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran." (Lexham Bible Dictionary, Masada, 2016 AD) 3. ... 1963-1965 Final Reports, Donald W. Parry, Near Eastern Archaeology, 63:1-4, p114, 2000 AD) 4. Excavations at Masada in 1963-1965 uncovered the remains of fourteen scrolls, including biblical, sectarian and apocryphal texts. ... first, they wrote their names in Aramaic not Hebrew on pottery sherds. 11 of these Aramaic ostraca have been found ... Anders Runesson, p55, 2008 AD) 7. "Masada: The assembly structure at Masada was converted by the Zealots from an earlier ... II-6a), was changed into a building with an entrance on the southeastern wall, comprising an entrance room (10.5 x 3.7 m) and a ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Masada-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-genizah-Eleazar-ben-yair-manuscripts-papyrus-fragments-Hebrew-masoretic-78bc.htm
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16: The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ...
... The consequent scarcity of tangible physical remains in the archaeological record is, therefore, not surprising; cf. ... that limit now passes from an unknown to a known quantity, by the fixing of a site which is described as just beyond it. ... The Arad ostraca and the Edomite Threat: 605 - 587 BC Arad ostraca inscription number 40 and Arad ostraca inscription ... to reinforce the garrison at Ramat Negeb in the eastern Negev, because an attack by the Edomites is anticipated-"lest the Edomites come," to use the language found on the Hebrew ostracon (an inscribed pottery sherd)." (New Light on the Edomites, Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, ... prolonged study and recollations were devoted to the wall specifically to ensure that no fundamental error could ... realize that there was not enough room for his flocks and Jacobs. 1926 BC: Esau moves EVERYTHING out of Canaan into Mt. ... nations referred to Edom as "Kushu" or Kushan. "Local epigraphic data and Assyrian sources also suggest that the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm
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17: Transjordan Early Edom And Moab 1900 BC
... stelae from Moab itself.43 Leaving aside its illegible inscription, we have on the Balu'a stela a human ruler flanked by a god ... 1957; Goetze 1958; Rainey 1972:381-388; and Helck 1962:49-68. 3. The precise location of Upper and Lower Shutu remains theoretical. ... in Kom el-Hetan is irrelevant; 6) he failed to understand the nature of the palimpsests or the wall-surfaces. 38. Not quite all, cf. ... Edel, E. 1980 Die Ortsnamen in den Tempeln von Aksha, Amarah und Soleb im Sudan. BN 11:63-79. Epigraphic Survey 1954 Reliefs and ... pottery from Edom. Bennett excavated c. 700 m.2, less than one-third of the whole site. She found a group of dry-stone houses with long corridor rooms, and small square rooms leading off (Figure 11.1). The occupation was evidently domestic, and the main area of the settlement was destroyed by a fire. In one room a clay ... a 'copper industry' serving a wider Near Eastern market (Hauptmann 1986:37; Knauf and Lenzen 1987:86) which had to be controlled. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomites-early-edom-and-moab-piotr-bienkowski-1992ad.htm
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18: The Exodus Route: The Archaeology of Mt. Lawz as Mt. Sinai
... Several ancient Hebrew inscriptions found in these mines have been translated include the "Moses" inscription. Click to View 7. ... We do not know if barrier is a stone wall, a line of stones on the ground, human guards or a physical reference point, like "Do ... report, the Nabatean "L-shaped" site is primarily a water weir to protect marble column factory from the flooding wadi. ... There are no other suitable workshop areas above the "L-shaped" structure. 4. Bone and ash found inside the two long buildings date to the Nabatean era because of the pottery mixed in these same loci. We would not expect to find ... When there was no room on the "second floor" for Mary, she was placed on the main floor of the family house where she gave birth ... A memorial temple with a marble floor cannot be robbed so thoroughly that no archaeological evidence remains. The remoteness of ... They were also told about the Comprehensive Archaeological, Epigraphic and Rock Art surveys conducted by the Directorate General ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-mt-sinai.htm
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19: Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ...
... altar room in which to place an idol of Enki and a burnt offering table for Goatfish (carp) in the middle of the room (see book cover). ... Most early Archaeological ages were concurrent rather than consecutive and represent geographic or individual pottery maker's differences in ... his 10th regnal year in 1547 BC at age 20. Inscriptions on the wall of a cliff-tomb at El Kab, located 100 km south of Luxor, of a naval ... Another inscription found in the ancient Egyptian mining town of Tura located 15 km south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile, indicate the latest ... BC. (Has Radiocarbon Artificially Raised Bronze Age Dates?, Near Eastern Archaeological Society Bulletin, Vol 58, 2013 AD) By Steven Rudd ... the Noahic Flood by 350 years. 4. Archaeologically, the site of Tepe Gawra provides proof that Halaf and Ubaid happened at the same time. ... With respect to the vessel, which yet remains in Armenia, it is a custom of the inhabitants to form bracelets and amulets of its wood." ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm
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20: Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd
... v. "Never take your own revenge, beloved, but leave room for the wrath of God, for it is written, "Vengeance is Mine, ... of Nicaea (787), argued for its continued practice in the Eastern Church. He ridiculed Iconoclastic Byzantine emperors. ... The floor was paved with a mosaic decorated with three crosses. A four-line inscription within a tabula ansata was located ... In the lower section of this deposit, large quantities of Byzantine pottery and a heap of white tesserae (maybe the remains ... conducted on a sample of the bones suggested that the corpses or the bones were brought to the site from other places and hastily thrown here.4 The pottery and coins found point to the sixth or seventh century as the date of entombment. f. A similar thick concentration of bones was found in an ancient cistern to the south of Jaffa Gate, outside the Old City wall (see fig. 1). ... This type of burial structure is usually dated to the Byzantine period (Avni 2005: 379) and is common in monastic compounds. ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/revelation/
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21: (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ...
... Aharoni had discerned in the southern side remains of a gate "protected by two massive piers" (1967: 8), but upon excavation this was found to consist of an open space of ca. 6.50 m. in the line of the casemate wall. It is ... A smaller fortress of this type is the one at H. Haluqim (Grid Reference 1310 X 0335), situated 2 km. northwest of Sede Boger on the eastern slopes of Har Haluqim (Jebel Haleiqum). The site was surveyed in 1953 by Anati, in 1958 by Aharoni, and in 1965 by a team of the ... a later structure built over it. The pottery remains, found in a layer of ashes ca. 10 cm. thick that covered the beaten-earth floor of the casemate rooms, conformed to the two main classes mentioned above. The wheel-made variety included jars, kraters, and juglets, but hand-made cooking-pots were the most common vessel. The remains of a nearby settlement can be seen along three tributaries of Nahal Haroca; it consists of 25 buildings, including seven of the so-called "four- room" pattern ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm
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22: Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ...
[-5-z m. in diameter, called Plates t5, VI `plates', and filled with white sand, near which are remains of crude stone structures or shelters. ... Several small human figures, with outspread hands and fingers, and a schematic 'tree-of-life' also appear on this wall. Many more small Beduin ... As only Site 2 was excavated it is impossible at present to establish detailed chronological data for these camps, apart from the fact that the pottery found on all of them indicates a Ramesside date as the general period for their operation. It would seem certain, however, that ... The eastern half of the camp shows several 65 X MINE I') SMELTING CAMP 0 EXCAVATED SITE • OTHER SITES ve.- CLIFF — WADI COPPER REARING ... In 1969 a small trial hole was excavated next to the large slag heap. No structure was found but several very large clay protectors for ... The canyon is about go m. deep, zo m. high and 3-5 m. wide. On its left side a 9 m. long and 37 Unidentified inscription at Site 251 in the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm
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23: Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ...
... The 11 pottery sherds that were used as lots were excavated at Masada in 1965 AD with the names of each of the last men written in Aramaic, ... They were excavated in a large underground hiding discovered on site in 2013 AD. c. Jerusalem was under siege and nobody got in or out: i. ... were crucified in such multitudes together, that the Romans wanted room for the crosses, and crosses for the bodies of these Jews, since they ... Dead bodies in temple: "you trample upon dead bodies in this temple" see Wars 4.201,313; 6:110,126 g. Titus refers to this inscription: Here ... all the works that we have seen or heard of, both for its curious structure and its magnitude, and also for the vast wealth bestowed upon it, ... them; (432) for a great deal of treasure was found in these caverns, and the hope of gain made every way of getting it to be esteemed lawful. ... that is, Phasaelus, and Hippicus, and Mariamne, and so much of the wall as enclosed the city on the west side." (Josephus Wars 7:1) b. "But ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible-Only-Revelation-Commentary-Josephus-Chronology-Destruction-Jerusalem-First-Jewish-War-70AD.htm
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24: Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ...
... The 11 pottery sherds that were used as lots were excavated at Masada in 1965 AD with the names of each of the last men written in Aramaic, ... They were excavated in a large underground hiding discovered on site in 2013 AD. c. Jerusalem was under siege and nobody got in or out: i. ... were crucified in such multitudes together, that the Romans wanted room for the crosses, and crosses for the bodies of these Jews, since they ... Dead bodies in temple: "you trample upon dead bodies in this temple" see Wars 4.201,313; 6:110,126 g. Titus refers to this inscription: Here ... them in undertaking this war, was an ambiguous oracle that was also found in their sacred writings, how, "about that time, one from their ... assault on temple begins by using engines and iron rams against the wall on the west side of the Temple court. a. "And now two of the legions ... all the works that we have seen or heard of, both for its curious structure and its magnitude, and also for the vast wealth bestowed upon it, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible%20Only%20Revelation%20Commentary%20Josephus-Chronology%20Destruction%20Jerusalem%20Steven%20Rudd.pdf
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25: Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport? Alexander Flinder ...
... And that is exactly where we found it, in the form of a small, sanded-over mound of Tell el-Kheleifeh on the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah, which is the eastern arm of the Red ... Glueck's identification was based on what he thought was a large copper smelting refinery incorporating a substantial furnace room with a complicated system of flues. Glueck dated ... Glueck dated the pottery he found at the site to King Solomon's time (tenth century B.C.). He also found a casemate wall (two parallel walls with intermittent cross-walls called casemates that create, in effect, internal rooms within the wall), which was typical of the ... in The Archaeology of Palestine: "Just how production of copper was accomplished remains a mystery to specialists in metallurgy who have studied the problem."5 Then in 1962 .../or burning of wooden beams laid across the width of the walls for bonding or anchoring purposes. ... [O]bviously then, this structure could not have functioned as a smelter. ... ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm
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26: The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994
remains of a bathhouse in the east. Musil identified the fortress with the caravanserai (an inn serving caravans) which Hasta mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum (Seeck 1876:73). In 1930, the fort—and its original ground plan—were damaged. F. Frank (1934:254) visited the site in 1932. A. Alt (1935:6) identified the large structure ... N. Glueck (1934-1935:17-20,115) concluded that the ruin was a Nabataean caravanserai Aerial view of klaieva. The southern wall of the Roman fortress runs across the upper left portion of this north-oriented view. The two eastern towers of ... In 1950, during a study trip, B. Mazar found a small number of Iron Age sherds as well as decorated Nabataean and Roman-Byzantine sherds ... The fort at Yotvata contained a very important discovery among others: a Latin Imperial inscription. Dating to the time of Diocletian, the ... Over its remains Stratum 1 offered scanty and unidentifiable rem-nants, including pottery of the sixth-seventh centuries cE. The Nabataean ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm
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27: Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ...
General view of Tell el-Qudeirat and the adjacent Wadi. Left: The fortress of 'Ain Qedeis. Right: A casemate room in the fortress. Kadesh-barnea in the ... Woolley and Lawrence were the first scholars with solid archeological training to study Tell el-Qudeirat. They not only identified the site with ... a rectangular fortress, some 200 X 120 ft, with square protruding towers at each of the four corners and smaller towers set in the middle of each wall. ... They also observed that the eastern half of the fortress courtyard contained remains of a complex of rooms, while the western half seemed open. They were unable to locate the gate (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 64-66). BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST/ SPRING 1981 95 Left: Pottery of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. found in Locus 186 of the fortress. Right: Casemate rooms in eastern part of the fortress. ... It basically comprises a rectangular structure (ca. 60 x 41 m) of casemate rooms around a central courtyard—which is really, as it emerged, a highly ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm
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28: Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ...
... associating the relatively well-watered area of Tell el-Qudeirat in north-eastern Sinai with Biblical Kadesh Barnea, the main place of sojournment of the ... Negev, Midianite Pottery: Neutron Activation Analysis, Gunneweg, 1991 AD) "In fact, Ein-Qedeis is a shallow pool of water surrounded by a desert wasteland. ... northern Sinai. (Did I Excavate Kadesh-Barnea? absence of Exodus remains poses problem, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) "Has the site been correctly identified? If so, why have we found no remains from the Exodus period? ... ... When Woolley and Lawrence first came upon the fortress in 1914, they imagined that the structure predated Moses: "should we assume - we cannot prove it - ... by Cohen have all produced remains of the typical 10th-century "four-room house" associated with Israelite settlements throughout the country." ... By contrast, the tower in the middle of the fortress' eastern wall projects ca. 3.50 m. from the casemate line and is ca. 7.50 m. long. Additional rooms ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm
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29: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ...
... Fig. 1. View of Tell e Qudeirat, identified with biblical Kadesh Barnea; the excavated area is at the eastern end of the tell. Central Negev: Abandoned After Tenth Century ... The sites excavated by Cohen have all produced remains of the typical 10th-century "four-room house" associated with Israelite settlements throughout the country. In addition, the remains of two disparate kinds of pottery have been found at these sites within the ashen layer which marked the termination of the ... hold on it, Cohen turned to the site of Kadesh Barnea, where he fielded an excavation in January, 1976, on behalf of the Department of Antiquities and Museums of Israel. ... This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the fortress, the central tower of the eastern end, part of the courtyard area, and perhaps the area of ... fortress with 4 m.-wide walls dating to the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. This structure is very similar to the fortresses with 4 m.-wide walls known from the northern ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm
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30: The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ...
... The latter is formed by two parallel walls (Walls 8 and 9) that fit perpendicularly into the eastern wall. Each wall is 3.5 to 4 m long and 0.9 to 1.0 m thick; they are ... The inner passageway of the gate was made nar-rower by the addition of a solid pilaster (Wall 13), 1.80 x 0.75 m. Between it and the threshold, in situ, the excavators ... Fig. 12. Locus 9. Looking west. 105), which is, however, some 150 to 200 years later than the present site.5 Wooden remains found at Locus 7 were defined as Pistacia atlantica and Populus (Appendix 1). They may be the remains of a wooden ceiling of the gate. Locus 9 (figures 11, 12). A small room adjoined the ... Not one complete or even restorable vessel was found. As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the pottery was of two types: ordinary, wheel-made pottery, ... The term fortress is generally applied to a strongly fortified architectural structure, such as the tower fortresses (below). That characterization is not valid for these ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm
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31: First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Qiryat Sefer 90 BC
C. Occupation history: 1. Based upon the archeology of the synagogue, the Hasmonean coins and Late Hellenistic/Early Roman pottery, the synagogue has been dated to 90 BC, ... See also: Synagogue Benches: Metaphor of Equality in Christ b. Square shape 9.6 x 9.6 meters, two rows of Bench seats at the eastern and western walls, benches at the ... The remains of a small Jewish village were found at the site. Several dwellings were arranged around a broad square, at the center of which stood a public building - the synagogue. The buildings were well constructed and ... The Synagogue: A small building with a unique plan stood in the village square. It was a square structure (9.6 m. wide on each side), the façade with the main entrance facing north. This wall was particularly well built of large ashlars with margins and ... Fragments of red-painted plaster are evidence that the walls were painted. In the western wall of the building was an entrance to a small, plastered room in which ritual ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Qiryat-Sefer-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-red-plastered-painted-fresco-four-columns-mikveh-mikvaot-benches-90bc.htm
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32: A Critique of NAMI Don Patton Randall Price on Mount Ararat Noah ...
Noah's Ark Ministries International (NAMI) announced that on October 2009 it had reached the remains of a large wooden structure on Mount Ararat in eastern Turkey. The organization has declared 99% certainty ... Nevertheless, in October of that year he produced photos of himself inside the structure, which were given to the joint expedition team. An attempt in the ... foreign contacts, reported that the climber had reached the outside of the site and found a 60-foot long wood beam in the snow and had found wood at the entrance of ... Once the sample was sequestered in a back room of the hotel where our team was lodged, it was brought out for our team to test. NAMI filmed the entire ... Whether or not this is the case, the photos presented by NAMI of a formation inside the wall of a cave (no context shown), from which the sample was ... But today, he called me saying if we can give guarantee of Euro 9,000, he can send a photo of pottery. 4. If we can make a deal, the team can climb the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/ark/NAMI-noahs-ark-discovered-found-made-in-china-fraud/NAMI-noahs-ark-discovered-dr-don-patton-randall-price-made-in-china-fraud-20-nov-2010.htm
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33: The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ...
Woolley and Lawrence, who surveyed the region in 1914, described the tell and various other remains in its vicinity, and suggested that the tell be identified with ... out a number of trial soundings on the tell, in order to clarify the exact plan of the fortress, the technique of construction, and the chronology of the site. ... At the bottom of the stratigraphical cut made near the north-eastern tower (Pl. 27, A-B), the start of a wall was found leading south, beyond the confines of the fortress (Pl. 28, A) . In general, the interior of the ... Above this floor, vessels were found intact among the rubble, which was often 1.5 m thick (Pl. 28, B) . Among the debris were pottery and stone vessels, pieces of carbonised beams, and sun-dried bricks measuring 20 X 12 X 15 cm. It is clear that this rubble fell into the room when the ... and therefore impossible to establish its exact original capacity); and the inscription indicated that it held only five hin, and was not filled to capacity. 20 ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm
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34: First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gamla 76 BC
They included 350 ballista balls, 35 arrowheads, and many nails and pottery items, among them Herodian lamps, broken jars, and cooking pots." (Ancient ... As one of the most important spiritual leaders it is unthinkable that Alexander Jannaeus would found this town without a synagogue. b. The synagogue seen today is a one period occupation site that likely dates back to 76 BC and was used until destroyed in 67 AD. c. "Gamla is the earliest synagogue structure to have been discovered in Judaea to date'" The ... It is the only public building thus far excavated in that town and may well be the only one that ever existed there. Located adjacent to the eastern wall, the ... The Gamla coin was a crude bronze replica of the Silver Jerusalem Shekel. b. It is difficult to read the inscription and it may be in either Paleo-Hebrew or ... G. Excavation details: 2. "Gamla: There were two entrances: the main door with an unusual, indirect entrance on the axis of the large room faced ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gamla-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-ark-scrolls-niche-mikveh-heart-columns-bema-Judas-jewish-war-ballista-coin-76bc.htm
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35: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ...
... The springs of Ein el-Qudeirat are the richest and most abundant in the Sinai; they water the largest oasis in northern Sinai. The site today is remarkably ... One of the most important finds was a large ostracon discovered in 11 fragments on the floor of a casemate room located in the southern wall of the upper ... The eight projecting towers of the later fortress were attached to this earlier structure. So the basic ground plan of the earlier fortress must have been ... mud-brick, ran parallel to the outer wall, and presumably formed dwelling rooms for the fortress inhabitants. The pottery, found in a layer of ashes that covered the floors of these rooms, dated to the eighth-seventh centuries B.C. Oldest of three fortresses: 950 BC (bottom layer, last excavated down to virgin soil) The remains of a third fortress, the earliest, ... The depth of the overlying debris prevented us from determining its ground plan until our 1979 season. At that time, we opened a new area on the eastern side ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm
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36: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ...
... the fortress, which continued through the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. This phase yielded pottery characteristic of the Persian period and imported Greek vessels. ... It also became clear that the contemporary remains to the west of the fortress consisted of a number of buildings and silos. A structure uncovered in the northwestern corner of the site comprised a number of chambers, including a rectangular room (ca. 6 x 4 m.) with a stone bench running along its walls. On the ash-covered floors of the casemate rooms was ... The fortress was entirely surrounded by an earthen glagis that rested against a buttress wall, built to the height of ca. 2.50 m. This buttress wall was ... Wheelmade pottery characteristic of the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. was found on the floors of the rooms of the middle fortress along with numerous "Negebite" ... Two casemate rooms were particularly rich in finds. One was exposed at the northern end of the eastern side. Twenty-five complete vessels were uncovered on the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm
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37: First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Capernaum 30 AD
In later centuries different church building structures were built over it. The last one known as the octagonal church is now visible to visitors. The site is now protected from the ... If any man's work which he has built on it remains, he will receive a reward. If any man's work is burned up, he will suffer loss; but he himself will be saved, yet so as through fire. ... The first century basalt foundation is not oriented towards Jerusalem or easterly. b. However, if you look at the top plan, you will notice that to new additional structure to the east of the synagogue has a trapezoid eastern wall that is directly ... D. Excavation details: 1. "The excavations date this early synagogue (I) to the first century CE, based on the pottery found under and in the cobbled basalt pavement. Thus, the excavations ... and religious meetings, and that it was the synagogue attended by Jesus; he asserts that Room 1 in insula 1 served Jesus and his movement and was the house of Peter and Andrew. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Capernaum-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-basalt-foundation-peters-house-paralytic-manna-demon-healed-30ad.htm
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38: First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Modein (Hurvat Umm el-Umdan ...
... and fragments of pottery vessels ascribed to this period were discovered on the floors of the hall and of the courtyard and in the alley to their south; these finds provide a date for the hall's use. The function of the hall at this time remains unknown; however, ... The Hasmonean Synagogue (Fig. 7). A slightly larger structure (6.7 × 10.5-11.5 m), identified as a synagogue, was built in the Hasmonean period above the Early Hellenistic hall and its peripheral corridor. The hall's entrance was fixed in the middle of its eastern wall. A U-shaped array of benches ran the ... Similar wall paintings were found in Jericho, Jerusalem and elsewhere (the frescoes were studied and identified by Dr. Sylvia Rosenberg, and ... In the courtyard west of the synagogue, a two-room mikveh was found. Synagogue III (Stage 4): The synagogue was reconstructed at the end of ... synagogue and the early edifice mentioned in the Theodotos inscription. (The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 AD, Anders ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Modein-Hurvat-Umm-el-Umdan-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-mikveh-ark-of-scrolls-niche-bema-table-colour-fresco-132bc.htm
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39: Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ...
... major reasons were influential in the preservation of the Basta deposits: - large intra-site masses of building material and small room ground plans are responsible for a rapid filling of the rooms (especially during their decay), ... STRATUM VI: LATE BRONZE AGE" "A stratum of dumped debris containing an enormous amount of Late Bronze Age pottery and animal bones overlies the MB III city wall, Wall M332 and Stone Fill 417. It is the only deposit of this period found at Shiloh and was not associated with any architectural remains. The debris (L. 407) is composed of a light-coloured grey material, mostly ... We succeeded in defining its northern, eastern and western boundaries, while on the south it continues at least up to Square N35 (where there were fewer bones in the deposit). Its depth varies ... The overall archaeological impression and preliminary results suggest a well organized inner structure of the settlement, and this organization is probably reflected in the management of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm
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40: Jerusalem Temple Mount: The Charles Wilson and Charles Warren ...
... The main cistern is divided by a wall of barely built masonry, of which a good deal of the cement has fallen, and through which there is a ... I have to suggest that this may have been the House of Baptism, communicating with the room of Beth Mokad and the gate Tadi. It is to be ... Under this may still be the gate Tadi, opening out through the scarped rock, one portion of which was found somewhat to the east at Souterrain ... This cistern has a curious cruciform shape; at the eastern end a low doorway cut in the rock leads to a flight of steps, which after ascending ... a semicircular vault, and at its entrance to the cistern are the remains of a doorway; on the floor there was a thick slimy deposit, and a ... I do not think that such a structure as this was built merely for a tank; and if it was simply to support the present surface of the Haram, ... arch over the lintel of the eastern door is the Antonine inscription built into the wall upside down, most of the letters still retain ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-charles-wilson-charles-warren.htm
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41: First Century Synagogue Top Plans: New Testament Jericho 75 BC
community are referred to on an Aramaic dedication mosaic inscription at the entrance to the Jericho synagogue." (Ancient ... No wall separated this room from the hall. Most of the room, which no doubt functioned as a triclinium, was occupied by a U-shaped ... palaces at the discussed site.) The whole building was undoubtedly coated with white lime plaster. The synagogue hall contained 12 pillars - five on the north and south, and an additional pillar at the center of the eastern and western sides. The nave's floor was found to consist of beaten earth; however, in theory it could ... remains of the pillars consisted of fieldstones and cobblestones, though their upper parts might have been built of mud bricks. The distance between the pillars was 2.25 cm in the long colonnades and 2.75 m in the short ones. A 50-cm-thick wall was ... The structure complex covered an area of 28m by 20m, and was developed in 2-3 stages. It is made of mud bricks on a foundation of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Jericho-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-bema-ark-of-scrolls-niche-mikveh-oven-samaritan-Bartimaeus-Zaccheus-75bc.htm
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42: Shiloh Israel: Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times ...
Join Steve Rudd in digging up Bible stories! "What we dig in the ground we find in the Book" Site location: 30 km North of Jerusalem GPS: 32° ... The most prominent elements are a smaller (F) and a bigger palatial structure (G). They were set up parallel to each other and enclose a huge space ... This ramp not only cuts into the remains of the Hyksos fortification wall. It must have been constructed within a long breach of this Hyksos wall (A) as, according to the geophysical survey, the eastern enclosure wall of the 18th Dynasty crosses the Hyksos wall. Blocks of a granite doorway of King Amenemhet I, found more than 100 years ago by E. Naville, are likely to have been used afterwards as an ... x 55 cubits) with four rows of columns in the south-eastern part and a room configuration of equal size in the north-western half." (Palatial ... The dedication on the bottom surface is a hieroglyphic inscription in which Maya calls upon the priests of an unidentified temple to pronounce the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index-tel-shiloh-israel-archeological-excavations-associates-for-bible-research-find-a-dig-tabernacle-of-moses-cubit-20.6-inches-1399-1094BC.htm
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43: Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ...
Since the "smelter" there has found its way into many of the standard textbooks in biblical archaeology. Glueck's new ideas on the matter are ... shore-line derives partly from our discovery of a copper smelting site on a low shoreline foothill at Mrashrash, now incorporated into ... it was seen that the pottery remains dated from the 10th to the 5th-4th centuries B.C. Frank had correctly adjudged them to be older than Roman. ... the outer north wall could be felt emerging at the outer ends of the apertures in the outer south wall, the length of the building removed. ... Through them, we opined, the strong winds from the north-northwest entered into the furnace rooms of this structure, which we called a ... debris piled to approximately the same height on the floor of each room, served several purposes, helping preserve dryness and diminishing ... It was in the Period III city of (Ezion-geber: Elath that a seal signet ring, with the inscription "belonging to Jotham" was found. The ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm
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44: Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources: Jews persecuting Christians ...
... the second general Council of Nicaea (787), argued for its continued practice in the Eastern Church. He ridiculed Iconoclastic Byzantine emperors. ... The floor was paved with a mosaic decorated with three crosses. A four-line inscription within a tabula ansata was located near the entrance to the ... In the lower section of this deposit, large quantities of Byzantine pottery and a heap of white tesserae (maybe the remains of a floor) were found. ... Anthropological examination conducted on a sample of the bones suggested that the corpses or the bones were brought to the site from other places and hastily thrown here.4 The pottery and coins found point to the sixth or seventh century as the date of entombment. e. A similar thick concentration of bones was found in an ancient cistern to the south of Jaffa Gate, outside the Old City wall (see fig. 1). ... This type of burial structure is usually dated to the Byzantine period (Avni 2005: 379) and is common in monastic compounds. However, this ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-Judea-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70A-Justin-Martyr-patristic-apostolic-church-father-150ad.htm
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45: Origin of the Philistines, Sea Peoples, Pentapolis Cities, Goliath
... Philistine bichrome and monochrome swirl and hash marked pottery from Gath and Ashdod: I. Origin of the Philistines: A. The Bible says that ... of any sect living in the city of Gath. a. "This is the land that remains: all the regions of the Philistines and all those of the ... The 18th dynasty list of names from Egypt, with the title "to make names of Keftiu" has been used to argue a non-Greek, ancient Near Eastern ... In addition to the graffito, an unusual chalice of Canaanite shape and fabric was found in a room on the east side of the sacred area. What makes the ... In 1908 AD, the disk was discovered in Phaistos, Crete while the site was being professionally excavated. e. Several other artifacts have ... None of the numerous attempts at deciphering the relatively short text has gained acceptance; the language of the inscription has thus also ... Discussion of Plate 46: The hieroglyphic inscription is from a large wall relief that features vertical lines of text. The Philistines had ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeology-origin-of-the-Philistines-Pentapolis-Sea-Peoples-Crete-Rameses-III-Medinet-Habu-Mortuary-temple-reliefs-inscriptions-Thebes-1077BC.htm
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46: Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ...
Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And ... a man of Libyan ancestry who founded the twenty-second dynasty and ruled Egypt from a city called Bubastis in the eastern Delta. ... It came about at that time, when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him on the road. Now ... and obviously- were done without reference to the rest of the wall and colonnade." (Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak: The Bubasite Portal by The Epigraphic Survey, George R. Hughes, The University Of Chicago Oriental ... In this victory inscription, which is one of the most important historical documents of its time, Shishak lists the names of the ... spoon in her right hand, and a stick about the same length (the very top of which no longer remains) in her left hand. ... (or Tilon)." So "the Heights of David" seems to follow this structure." (Has David Been Found in Egypt?, Hershel Shanks, BAR ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm
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47: Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ...
... Of course we are at liberty to classify the material remains of the past in any way we choose, but the inference should be avoided that such ... the largest (first) site (Johnson 1981: 144, fig. 1).5 If we draw site lists on logarithmic graphs, systems obeying the rank-size rule ... Different social groups are known to have lived together and to use the same pottery, though their script and language remained separate ... Indeed, the terms polity, border, and boundaries are not even found in a recent im-portant glossary (Hodder et al. 1995: 232-48). One ... This would enable us to use the rich body of evidence provided by ancient Near Eastern documents and the OT. THE NECESSITY OF POLITICAL ... structurally by defenses, e.g., Hadrian's wall in Britain or the Great Wall in China; for a Sassanian border wall see Trinkaus 1984: 43). ... Many types of artifacts may be common to more than one political entity (e.g., "Solomonic" city gates, "Samarian" pot-tery, and four-room ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm
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48: 495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ...
... The Jewish Elephantine temple was a simple "tabernacle of Moses" architectural design that would require a perimeter wall and a few interior walls. Such a simple structure could be built quickly. ... one thing remains clear: Pagan religion was more influential in the life of the Jews of Upper Egypt than it was in the life of Jews in Babylonia. ... A collection of Aramaic documents from the reigns of Xerxes, Artaxerxes I, and Darius II (485-404 bc), found in 1904-8 on the site of an ancient Jewish military colony which had ... which obviously caused much dismay among the remaining peoples of the northern kingdom." (Near Eastern Archaeology, Volume 67, Nos. 1-4, p 12, 2004 AD) d. ... This authorization was a clear echo of the claim of Darius I in his Bisitun inscription that he reestablished his dynasty in its place as formerly (TAD ... c. 1 pair of Persian leather (sandals); 2 jugs, 2 trays d. 5 ladles to carry oil: 2 pottery, 2 wood, 1 stoneware e. 1 chest of wood for her jewels; f. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm
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49: The Samaritans: 720 BC The pagan half-Jews of the Old Testament ...
... to him and promised to give his seed the land: "Abram passed through the land as far as the site of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. b. ... In the course of the excavations, remains of numerous buildings came to light that belonged to a large city surrounding the temple. ... eight chambers) in the northern wall, a sizable (11 × 12 m) building was uncovered; therein excavators found a large number of burned bones, together with a great amount of ashes. Even though later constructions in the Hellenistic and Byzantine periods destroyed much of the Persian period structure, it seems that with its three ... On the basis of the thousands of pottery vessels and burned animal bones (sheep, goats, cattle, and doves), the coins from the ... of a rock cliff. It was a massive structure and twice an inscription can be found on the palace walls that identify it as "Tobiah". ... Procopius 905C is also confused: "This is situated at the Eastern part of Ierichō beyond Galgal" and he continues by denying the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-samaritans.htm
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50: Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ...
... army, against Jerusalem, camped against it and built a siege wall all around it." (2 Kings 25:1) c. "Now when Jerusalem was ... Jer 20:1; 38:1 Outline https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-property-of-Belonging-to-Shelemiah-son-of-Shema-Jer38-1-red-carnelian-589bc.jpg ... Notice two copies were made, one that was sealed and placed in a vault and the second was located in room outside the vault for ... this site. His five probes supported that observation, yielding only Arabic, Byzantine, Hellenistic, and Roman deposits (Blair 1936). Because there were no pre-Hellenistic remains, Blair concluded that Alt's views were correct. Biran's survey at Ras el-Kharrubeh identified pottery from Iron I to Byzantine (Bergman 1936). Out of two probes a few sherds were found from the end of Iron I, some from Iron II, and a few ... as men were working on both sides of a rather narrow structure and no one could protect himself from those who shot from ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc
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