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Orientation of Early Synagogues Did Not Point to Jerusalem Or ... Standardized Architectural Synagogue Signature Typology Synagogue Architecture adopted by the Christian Church Floorplans and Furnishings of Pre-70 AD Second Temple Period synagogues "I have heard your prayer and your supplication, which you have made before ... 1. None of the pre-70 AD synagogues were oriented towards Jerusalem. a. The first century synagogue at Capernaum, through sheer fluke of geography, almost due north of Jerusalem, making its orientation basically towards Jerusalem. But not close enough on the compass bearing as evidenced in the fact that the later Byzantine addition to the east was reoriented exactly towards Jerusalem, creating a trapezoid exterior wall on the east side of the entire structure. b. ... the Jerusalem-oriented wall of the Judean broadhouse synagogues of Eshtemo`a and Susiya faced north and their entrances were on the east wall (Fig. III-60a, b). Most of the sixth-century CE synagogue buildings have their apses on the Jerusalem-oriented wall. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Orientation-Point-to-Jerusalem-face-East-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-adopted-similarities-into-church.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... The low mudbrick mound known today as Tell el-Kheleifeh is approximately 500 m from the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba, roughly equidistant between modern Eilat and Aqaba. It was first surveyed in 1933 by Fritz Frank, who identified Tell el- Kheleifeh with biblical Ezion-geber. Glueck ... The following represents a distillation of a complete reappraisal of Glueck's excavations, to be published under the auspices of the American Schools of Oriental Research.' THE SITE The excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east- west (fig. 4). The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. The ... This building, variously interpreted by Glueck as a smelter, a citadel, or a granary, continued throughout the site's occupational history, maintain-ing its basic plan. Glueck's earliest level (Period IA), as prepared for publication by Pinkerfeld, was composed of this isolated structure in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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Judean Governors, Procurtors and Prefects time of Jesus, first ... Babylonian appointed governors of Judea: Gedaliah (and more) Persian appointed governors of Judea: Sheshbazzar, Zerubbabel, Nehemiah (and more) Roman appointed governors of Judea: Herod the Great, Agrippa, Pilate, Felix, Festus (and more) First Jewish War: 66-70 AD Second Jewish war: 132-135 AD (Simon bar ... Lysimachus (323-133 BC) We do not discuss this kingdom at all because it is far removed from land of Judah. For a short time during the Greek Empire period, the Jews gained true independence under the Maccabees (Hasmonean Era): 166-37 BC Rome conquered all by 31 BC and the fourth and final kingdom of Daniel's prophecy (Dan 2) came into existence. 5. The Maccabees provided a ... The temple was not located over top of the Dome of the rock but in the hollow of the hill below, where a threshing floor would be located. This is also directly east of the current wailing wall of the Jews. See detailed outline of the Holy of Holies located over the Al Kas fountain where Hadrian placed his ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Coins-Judean-Governors-Satraps-Procurators-Prefects-Jesus-Herod-Antipas-Philip-Archelaus-Pilate-Agrippa-Felix-Festus-587BC-66AD.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Ostia, Seaport of Rome, Italy ... Mindius Faustus with his household constructed [the synagogue] and built and produced from his own gifts1, and he dedicated the ark for the sacred Law" 2. Glyptic Artifact: First two lines Latin and Greek Synagogue text on limestone 3. Provenance: Excavated in situ in secondary use in Ostia synagogue. 4. Current location: unable to determine current location. 5. Synagogue ... The original gift apparently needed to be replaced a century later, since the initial donor's name was scratched out and "Mindi(u)s Faustus" inscribed over it in letter-forms dating to that period. The construction of an aedicula in the fourth-century renovations would have made such a replacement ... AND MADE [IT] FROM HIS OWN FUNDS, AND HE DEDICATED THE ARK FOR THE SACRED LAW. The additional "I" in the name Mindius was suggested from the find of the name "Mindius" in other inscriptions in the environs of Ostia. This is a large plaque, about 29 × 54.5 cm., presumably originally installed in a wall. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ostia-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-dedicated-Ark-of-Scrolls-Torah-Shrine-Septuagint-doma-gift-200AD.htm

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Early Village Life At Beidha: Neolithic, Brian Byrd, 2005 AD dates in this report are in uncalibrated radiocarbon years before 1950.) A considerable hiatus separates each of these occupations (Fig. 34). The Natufian encampment and the Nabatean agricultural terracing will be discussed briefly only in this chapter, and the remainder of the volume will focus on the extensive Neolithic village. The final report on the Natufian encampment was the subject of the first Beidha volume (Byrd 1989b). Natufian Encampment The Natufian occupation at Beidha took place during an aggradation period of the Wadi el Ghurab (Field 1989: 86-90). ... The erosion that created this stranded alluvial terrace formed a natural southern boundary for the PPNB village. An impressive Neolithic retaining wall, with steps leading into the village, lies along this edge of ... Nearby excavated sites such as Ba'ja, Basta, and Ayn el-Jammam do not appear to have been contemporaneous as they were occupied primarily during the Late PPNB (Gebel et al. 1997; Nissen et al. 1991; Waheeb and Fino ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-beidha-early-village-life-at-beidha-neolithic-brian-byrd.htm

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The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ... ... There is, furthermore, some reason for believing that considerably beyond the industrial square, whose outer wall is strengthened like a fortress wall with regular offsets, there was also in the very first period an outer, complex fortification system, consisting of two separate walls, with a glacis built against each of them, and a dry moat between the two walls. All ... At one time, for instance, for ten days on end, there were uninterrupted sandstorms of such severity over Tell el-Kheleif eh that often one could not see more than about twenty-five feet away. A considerable portion of the rooms on the north side of the mound, which had been excavated during the first two ... At the corners of the major wall were towers, which in each instance overlooked the slopes of its glacis. The smaller outer wall is much less well preserved than the larger wall, but it seems probable that it too had similar towers, one at each corner. Fig. 2. A section of the outer fortifications with an offset ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Ostia, Seaport of Rome, Italy ... ... The main hall (D; 15 x 12 m) was entered via a four-column construction in area C; the columns were of white marble, measuring 4.65-4.75 m. Benches for sitting lined three of the walls, including the north-western slightly curved wall, where a podium similar to the one found in the later building and connected to the benches may have ... While building K was not integral to the architecture of the synagogue, it is reasonable to assume some sort of social connection; perhaps this was a dwelling place for officials of the synagogue (cf. Nos. 177, 178). If so, it is possible that Plotius Fortunatus, the archisynagogos (No. 177), lived here for a period of time. A first major renovation of the edifice took place in the early second century, perhaps during the reign of Hadrian. Changes to the original structure mainly concerned areas G and B. The bench in G was removed, the room divided into two sections, and mosaic floors replaced earlier cocciopesto floors. While the main entrance was kept ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ostia-Port-Rome-Italy-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Mazzot-oven-unleavened-bread-ark-of-scrolls-bema-Mikveh-50ad.htm

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Ancient Synagogues : Shuafat Synagogue (Khirbet er-Ras) Ancient Synagogues : Shuafat Synagogue (Khirbet er-Ras) Shuafat Synagogue (Khirbet er-Ras) 1. In 1991 Alexander Onn verbally reported that he had discovered a synagogue Khirbet er-Ras during exacavation. a. Published report in Hebrew: .../62801; Gibson 1977:30-31; Edelstein, Milevski and Aurant 1998: Plan 2.1; Kloner 2000:30*, Site 39; Gadot 2011; Fig. 1). (Khirbat Er-Ras, Jerusalem: Iron Age And Ottoman-Period Remains, Nurit Feig) 2. More detailed reports need to be published and more excavation work needs to be done at ... Different descriptions of the remains in the various publications make the task even harder. The room measures 5 x 4 m, and a low wall of hewn stones divided the space. While benches have been mentioned in some publications, none ... Origin: Synagogues originated at Alexandria Egypt in 280 BC spawned by the Septuagint Jesus the Messiah of the Tanakh: 1. First Century Jewish Messianic Expectation: As witnessed in the Dead Sea scrolls. 2. Looking for the wrong thing: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Shuafat-Khirbeth-a-ras-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-1991-Alexander-Onn-benches-mikveh-31bc.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... The description of these two famous explorers is quite accurate and even today is useful as a guide to the area, although certain minor changes have taken place since Beduins were first permanently ... S. Ben-Arie registered the finds of the expedition. 2 L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence, The Wilderness of Zin, PEFA 3,1914-4915, pp. 62-71. Fig. 1. Plan of the fortress. The vicinity of the tell is ... To this end the outline of the upper faces of the walls was excavated; near the northeastern tower, excavations were carried down to virgin soil; the interior of the central tower on the western side was examined; several walls and floors were dis-covered within the casemate wall and the fortress; and a part of the glacis on the northern side was laid bare. THE FORTRESS (Fig. 1) Click to View The ... Period I. On virgin soil, no earlier remains than those of the fortress were found, but in several places, below the level of the base of the main fortress wall, there were remains of a conflagration ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Schedia, Egypt 240 BC Synagogue inscription on limestone 3. Provenance: Schedia, Egypt, 1902 AD 4. Current location: Alexandria Museum 37 x 29 cm. 5. Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = 240 BC a. SOD computation system details b. ... to all those returning to the city, and to those going from the city into the countryside for a trip abroad, so that they could not communicate with his forces, nor could they claim the enclosing wall at all." (3 Maccabees 4:11) b. "On passing through the Canobic gate of the city, on the right hand is the canal leading to Canobus, close to the lake. They sail by this canal to Schedia, to the great river, and to Canobus, but the first place at which they arrive is Eleusis. ... appears in Schedia, near Alexandria in Egypt, in the third century bce. Although no synagogues are clearly attested during the period of Ezra and Nehemiah (late fifth and early fourth centuries bce), the tradition traces the practice of translating Scripture ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Schedia-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyIII-Queen-Berenice-proseuche-house-prayer-dedicated-240bc.htm

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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... We include Ussishkin comments because he agrees with Dothan and Cohen, that the site was first inhabited about the time of David in 1000 BC. We have focused primarily on the earliest and oldest fortress at Qudeirat, since it is ... Figs. 1 and 5 are reproduced by courtesy of Prof. M. Dothan; Figs. 2-3 and 6 by courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority and Dr. R. Cohen; Fig. 4 was prepared by 0. Paran. I am indebted to all of them. Stratigraphy Following ... tenth century B.C.E.; the rectangular fortress dating from the eighth-sixth centuries B.C.E.; and a settlement which existed after the destruction of the fortress, dating from the Persian period. Only a single rectangular fortress was erected here, surrounded by a casemate wall, which 'occupied the entire site'. ... In my opinion, the stratigraphic data of the rectangular fortress should be interpreted along the lines of Dothan's conclusions rather than Cohen's, taking into account, of course, the newly excavated data. It seems that only a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor See Fig. KUN.01. The top of the hill is a long and narrow plateau, and the actual ruins are found at its W end. At the foot of the hill there is a concentration of shallow wells providing one of the few reliable sources of water in this arid and isolated area. These wells made this site an important crossroads in the past—a fact also recorded on old maps of the modern period. The combination of ... B. Initial Exploration of the Site The site has long been known to travelers. Edward Palmer, one of the first explorers of Sinai, visited the sitein 1869. He arranged an exploratory dig at the site ... This "bench room" (locus 6) extends N-S across the entire width of the building and apparently was the most important part of the site. The plastered stone benches take up most of the area, with only ... At a height of about 1.2 m a middle layer of (mostly tamarisk) branches was placed lengthwise and crosswise, thereby strengthening the wall by forming an intermediate layer separating the lower course ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm

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Archeology of the Greek language at the Time of Christ Greek Septuagint used in all Jewish Synagogues as standard text: "Finally, it should be noted that the LXX translation functioned as a praeparatio evangelica for the first mission and expansion of early Christianity. When Paul went round the synagogues of Asia ... II. Greek Synagogue Inscriptions before 70 AD (Second Temple period): Synagogues before 70 AD Archeological top plan of Greek language Synagogues Date Location Archeological top plan 250 BC Delos Delos 250 BC 132 BC Modein Modein 132 BC 90 BC Qiryat Sefer Qiryat Sefer 90 BC 78 BC Gush Halav Gush Halav 78 BC 78 BC Masada Masada 78 BC 76 BC Gamla Gamla 76 BC 75 BC Jericho Jericho 75 BC 50 BC Magdala Magdala 50 BC 50 BC Migdol Migdol 50 BC 50 AD Ostia Ostia 50 AD 66 ... At elephantine they had no security issues and could immediately commence building the temple. The Jewish Elephantine temple was a simple "tabernacle of Moses" architectural design that would require a perimeter wall and a few interior walls. Such a simple ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Archeology-of-Bible-languages-Greek-Tanakh-synagogue-inscriptions-coins-Jewish-grave-tombstones-first-century-time-Jesus.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... ... excavated: cf. Shiloh 1970, 1978), four cisterns, and stone terraces (Evenari, Shanan, and Tadmor 1971: 94-119). d. Ketef Shivta. The fortress of H. Ketef Shivta (Grid Reference 1185 X 0347) is situated on the eastern spur of the Ketef Shivta range, next to Nahal Mesora. The site was first surveyed in 1971 by the author, who also carried out a small-scale excavation in 1976 on behalf of the Department of Antiquities (Cohen 1971: 29-30). The fortress has a roughly oval groundplan (ca. 36 X 25 m.), and the gate and five of its casemate rooms were exposed (fig. 3: 5). The walls, ca. 0.60 m. wide and preserved to a height of c. 1.00 m., are of rough-hewn local limestone blocks. The casemate rooms are ca. 1.70 m. wide, but their lengths have not been deter-mined. The gate, in the eastern wall ... as above the remains of the Iron Age fortress a large structure (ca. 57 X 33 m.) was erected in the Roman-Byzantine period. No remains of a nearby settlement have been perceived. f. Nahal Horsha. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD The gate complex of the massive 100 x 100 m Stratum V fortress lies in the upper right hand quadrant (northeast). The fortress's inset-offset walls peak through at the perimeter of the excavated area. The wall system ... century BCE), was destroyed after a relatively short existence around the time of the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE). Stratum 4 As previously reported (Cohen 1994:208), only the eastern side of the Stratum 4 fortress (ca. 36 m long) with two projecting towers (ca. 14 m apart) was cleared. The southeastern tower (11x11 m; its walls ca. 1.5 m in width) was completely cleared. One side of the northeastern tower was built atop an earlier Stratum 5 casemate wall, while the other side lay beneath Late Roman and Nabatean period remains (Strata 2-3). ... and humans apparently also has a parallel among the finds from Horvat Qitmit, where, however, the figurines were unearthed sepa-rated from the stands (Beit-Arieh 1991:109-110, fig.19;13eit-Arieh and Beck 1987:14-15). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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Shiloh Israel: Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times ... ... bad, and indifferent, 20.64 ±.02 as the best result that I could get; about a dozen of the actual cubit rods that are known yield 20.65 ±01; and now from the earliest monuments we find that the cubit first used is 20.62, and the mean value from the seven buildings named is 20.63 b .02-. ... ... This proves Moses used 20.6 inch cubit in 1446 BC when he wrote Genesis and gave the measurements for the Tabernacle at Sinai located on modern north Saudi Arabia. "This precinct of the late Hyksos Period (ph. D/2) thus far excavated consists of the following elements: Remains of a substantial fortification wall (A) along the banks of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. It was constructed of mud-brick, ... C3-2 (Str. d-c): The early 18th Dynasty palace district apparently covers a part of the same ground as the palace precinct of the late Hyksos Period but has a different orientation. It has been excavated and explored on a large scale by a geophysical survey (Fig. 1). The most prominent elements ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index-tel-shiloh-israel-archeological-excavations-associates-for-bible-research-find-a-dig-tabernacle-of-moses-cubit-20.6-inches-1399-1094BC.htm

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How long was the flood? How long did it take to Build Noah's ... ... "For the cubit I had deduced from a quantity of material, good, bad, and indifferent, 20.64 ±.02 as the best result that I could get; about a dozen of the actual cubit rods that are known yield 20.65 ±01; and now from the earliest monuments we find that the cubit first used is 20.62, and the ... This proves Moses used 20.6 inch cubit in 1446 BC when he wrote Genesis and gave the measurements for the Tabernacle at Sinai located on modern north Saudi Arabia. a. "This precinct of the late Hyksos Period (ph. D/2) thus far excavated consists of the following elements: Remains of a substantial fortification wall (A) along the banks of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. It was constructed of mud-brick, ... C3-2 (Str. d-c): The early 18th Dynasty palace district apparently covers a part of the same ground as the palace precinct of the late Hyksos Period but has a different orientation. It has been excavated and explored on a large scale by a geophysical survey (Fig. 1). The most prominent elements ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ark/noahs-ark-dimensions-size-120-years-time-to-build-75-years.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... The expedition was accommodated in Shavei-Shomron 'School. Zvi Koenigsberg, former director of the school, deserves special thanks for hi 4 tielp and support. The first three seasons (1982-1983) were conducted on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University and the following four ... Stratum I was subdivided into Phase B (the main phase) and Phase A (post-occupational phase). Both strata belong to the beginning of Iron Age I, reflecting the material culture of the Israelite settlement period in the eentral hill country. Both strata were short lived, and the entire lifespan of ... The architecture includes the large complex of Stratum IB. Area B extends to the north, south and west of the complex. About 470 sq. m. were excavated, exposing an entrance structure and a large, paved courtyard. In Area C a total of 300 sq. m. was excavated (Fig. 10). All the remains seem to belong to Stratum IB. Area D, located beyond the outer enclosure wall just below the low cliffs on the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... ... Between these two secure anchors is a period of about 400 years, which leaves us with enough room for a continuous debate. A major point in this debate is the question of whether we are able to establish secondary chronological anchors between the two main ones mentioned above. There are two such minor anchors on which all the sides in this debate agree. The first is represented by the site of Jezreel excavated by Ussishkin and John Woodhead (1997). The history of Jezreel is known only from the Hebrew Bible, yet all scholars agree ... After clearing much of the collapse from the gate house, it was clear that we had found a typical Four-Chamber Iron Age Gate (Fig. 10.5). In the interests of preservation we left more than half of the gate house unexcavated for ... As seen on the plan in Figure 10.7, both the western and eastern ends of the passage were closed in Stratum A2b with a stone wall. These closing walls, like the walls which indicate the location of the guard rooms of the gate ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... ... We had previously explored the Wadi Arabah and examined numerous copper-mining and smelting sites, many of them al-ready visited by others, notably Fritz Frank, and had been able through surface pottery finds to place them for the first time within the framework of history. The surface sherds at these ... There is no evidence, however, of the time of origin of the burials, which may have come from much later times. See BASOR, 79 (Oct., 1940), 9-10 and fig. 4 for the type of "mastabah" grave excavated at Tell el-Kheleifeh. of the middle rows of bricks of this building had been turned into the ... This possibility has already been suggested by Rothenberg. The various wooden anchor beams inserted into the walls would also burn in such a general conflagration, helping to bake the bricks they touched. Fig. 7. Isometric view of period I fortified storehouse and glacis surrounded by casemate wall with salients and recesses, from Solomon's time. This main building was considered so ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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Beidha, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea: mass food production ... ... two clear departures from Byrd's view: First: We take Byrd's time scale for all three phases and squeeze them into a period between about 3298 BC - 1406 BC. Second: Whereas Byrd sees three phases (A, B, C), we only see two phases (1, 2). ... The burning may have been a way of disposing of the roof to make way and prepare for the new structure. This larger room had a raised elevation of 50 cm and the eastern wall was triple thick stone build directly over top of rectangular ... The city changed from round domestic houses with tabuns, fire pits and ovens for food preparation, to rectangular workshops with no tabuns, firepits or ovens. 7. HUNDREDS OF GRINDERS (for Manna?): Large numbers of grinders were excavated at Beidha by Diana Kirkbride in the first ... While nothing was cooked in the city, hundreds of grinders for grains and possible manna were found in the rectangular-roomed city indicating a large population was being fed. a. GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS: Grinders (Pl. XIX A; Fig. g, Nos. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-beidha.htm

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King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ... ... Subsequent excavations led us to the conclusion that we have here a bamah, or High Place, possibly an open air sanctuary. In the center of the excavated area an almost square structure was revealed, measuring 18.2 by 18.7 m. (roughly 60 by 62 ... All the stones were dressed in the style characteristic of the period of the Israelite monarchy. The space enclosed by the four walls was filled with basalt stones, forming a wide, flat platform. On the southern edge of the bamah, facing the town, a monumental flight of steps eight meters, or twenty-seven feet, wide was uncovered, built directly against the outer wall of the bamah (Fig. 13 ); this stairway is in part superimposed over the earlier masonry. Pottery collected from the steps points to a date in ... In the Israelite period, the bamah had two stages. The first stage may be correlated with the reign of Jeroboam I: "And he made houses on high places, and appointed priests of the lowest of the people, who were not of the Levites," (I Kings ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... After the 10th century, the southern border of Judah receded: Cohen discovered that all the Iron Age sites in the Central Negev contained remains which dated only to the 10th century. The sites excavated by Cohen have all produced ... The tell itself (see fig. 1), surmounted by a large (60 x 41 m.), rectangular, eight-towered fortress, was first delineated and planned at the beginning of this century by Woolley and Lawrence.5 Later excavations were carried out by Moshe Dothan. In 1956, Dothan identified three periods of occupation: a pre-fortress period, containing only hand-made pottery which he dated to the 10th century; the fortress itself with pottery from a very long time-span — the 9th to the 7th centuries; and a post-fortress period of ... The 1976 excavations at Kadesh Barnea were carried out along the eastern end of the tell, where fifteen squares (5m. x 5m.) were laid out from north to south. This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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The Jerusalem Water Aqueduct from the Solomon's Pools: ... Archeologists can verify Hasmonean and Roman involvement in the pools and aqueduct but this does not rule out the possibility that Solomon was the first builder. ii. In excavations the Byzantines would rebuild on older sites by scraping everything down to bedrock leaving little or no evidence of the previous occupation level. iii. "The original Lower Aqueduct is dated to the Hasmonean period (mid 2nd - mid 1st c. BC). Thus, along with one or more of the Solomon's Pools, it is ... This gives some idea of the enormous amount of activity that occurred on the Temple Mount at that time.)" (Jerusalem Down Under: Tunneling Along Herod's Temple Mount Wall, Dan Bahat, 21:06, Nov/Dec 1995) b. Amihai Mazar, "The Aqueducts of Jerusalem," in ... Some wrongly conclude that just because we have connected the construction of the pools and aqueduct with the Hasmoneans (Maccabees) and the Romans, that Solomon did not build one or all three of the pools at Etam. b. After 800 years upgrades or repairs ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor-aqueduct.htm

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Ancient Synagogues: 24 New Testament Synagogues ... But Saul began ravaging the church, entering house after house, and dragging off men and women, he would put them in prison." (Acts 8:1-3) b. During this early period, Christians began using Synagogues on the first day of the week, adopting the same basic pattern of synagogue worship they were familiar as Jews before converting to Jesus Christ as their risen savior from their sins. c. After Paul's ... were in them; and burned their houses, and then returned to his camp; but his headquarters were at the village called Cana." (Josephus, Wars 1.333-334, 40-37 BC) c. Archeological Excavated top plan: Cana 30 AD 6. Capernaum: a. Bible passages: i. Jesus' house: Lk 5:19; Mt 4:13; Mk 2:1; 9:33 ii. ... They were also watching the gates day and night so that they might put him to death; but his disciples took him by night and let him down through an opening in the wall, lowering him in a large basket." (Acts 9:19-25) 10. Ephesus: Acts 18:19-19:20 a. Bible passages: i. And on the Sabbath day we ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Christian-infallible-inspired-Scripture-New-Testament-50ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... These fortresses date from the tenth to the sixth centuries B.C. and provide important data which help flesh out the tangled history of this period. ... It is significant that, of all the Iron Age fortresses in the Central Negev and Sinai, only ... remains poses problem, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) Click to View 700 BC: "Youngest of three fortresses: 700 BC (top layer, first excavated): The uppermost, and therefore latest, fortress at Kadesh-Barnea ...belonging to the seventh-sixth centuries B.C.(Did I ... The fortress of Kadesh-barnea (Grid Reference 0949 X 0064) is located on Tell 'Ain, at the most important desert juncture in this region (fig. 9). It was first surveyed by Woolley and Lawrence in 1914, and their identification of the site with ... By contrast, the tower in the middle of the fortress' eastern wall projects ca. 3.50 m. from the casemate line and is ca. 7.50 m. long. Additional rooms were built in the courtyard against the southern casemate wall. The location of the gate has ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources: Jerusalem (Palestinian) Talmud ... And if a blind man guides a blind man, both will fall into a pit."" (Matthew 15:12-14) The first and greatest synagogue in the world at Alexandria Egypt destroyed by Trajan: "It has been taught [in Tosefta Sukkah 4:6A-G, 250 AD]: Said R. Judah, "Whoever has never seen the double colonnade [the basilica-synagogue] of Alexandria in Egypt has never seen Israel's glory in his entire life. [B] "It was ... The mishnaic material derives from the tannaitic rabbis and sages (c. 50 b.c. to a.d. 200), while the gemara derives mostly from the amoraic rabbis of a later period (c. a.d. 200-500). Included in the ... G [If] he poured out water on to one hand and rubbed it on the other, it is unclean. H [If he rubbed his hand] on his head or on the wall, it is clean. I They pour out [water on the hands of] four or ... that date back to the very beginning in 280 BC. Even though we have no excavated site top plans for any synagogue in Egypt, we do have many in both and outside Judea that are all triclinium style. b. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-Judea-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jerusalem-Talmud-Cairo-Geniza-400ad.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... ... erected during the reign of David to accommodate the foremen, chief inspector, and the like, who were responsible for the construction of the first fortified city to be built on top of the hill (Stratum V). ... Some of these large sites were excavated on only a limited scale, and their ground plans were extensively reconstructed; in doing the reconstructions, the excavators apparently were strongly influenced by their concept of these structures as casemate fortresses. That the actual situation may be interpreted differently can be demonstrated by examining the plan of the better preserved remains at Mesad Hatira (fig. 2:1). Here it is clear that the remains do not belong to an independent casemate wall. Instead, what we have is a series of dwellings, arranged as a belt around the ... We may therefore conclude that these three sites should be dated to the same period and defined likewise as enclosed settlements. When the locations of these three enclosed settlements were marked on the map ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Daniel 2,7,9,12 and Revelation ... Titus does NOT fit as the 11th king from Julius, but is the 12th. b. The 42 months is simply ignored as a real time period. c. Subduing three kings is totally ignored. d. Totally ignoring the 42 months and skipping Julius as the first of the kings is an astronomically larger problem then those faced with either Nero or Titus. e. Domitian ... Temple liberated and sacrifices restored: 14th December 164 BC: "And they rose early in the morning of the 25th of the 9th month, this is the month Chislev, the 148th year, and they offered up sacrifices according to the law on the altar for the burnt offerings, the new one that they made." (1 Maccabees 4:52-53) e. The period of time recorded in 1 Maccabees is three full 365-day years plus 8 days and equals a grand total of 1103 days. Daniel said it was only 1150 days. f. The author has excavated many Antiochus IV coins at Khirbet el-Maqaitir and Shiloh. 6. In 166 BC John Maccabees revolts founding the Hasmonean kingdom. 7. In 164 BC the Jews ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible-Only-Revelation-commentary-Steven-Rudd-Daniel-5-kingdoms-1260-days-42-months-70-weeks-490-years-2300-1290-days-43-months.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources: Tosefta 250 AD ... The literary relationship between the Tosefta and the Talmud is debated, though there is considerable overlap between them. In addition to being relevant for the study of Judaism of its own period, the Tosefta is likewise relevant to the study of ... For many more details on the Great Basilica Synagogue of Alexandria 380 BC - 177 AD 1. Its size and architectural wealth are evidence of a long and important history and pre-eminence as the first synagogue every founded. a. Philo said this basilica ... The basilica style synagogue dates to the early first century AD (before 40AD) and this is a departure from the triclinium style synagogues that date back to the very beginning in 280 BC. Even though we have no excavated site top plans for any ... To carry out the obligation of guests, who eat, drink, and sleep in the synagogue." (Babylonian Talmud, b. Pesah. 10:1, I.5.F-G) 8. Holy Ark of the scripture scrolls: a. The most likely place would be on the wall opposite the door. b. "He who makes ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-Judea-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Tosephta-Tosepta-Tosefta-Sukkah-250ad.htm

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Daniel 2,7,9,12 and Revelation ... Titus does NOT fit as the 11 th king from Julius, but is the 12 th . b. The 42 months is simply ignored as a real time period. c. Subduing three kings is totally ignored. d. Totally ignoring the 42 months and skipping Julius as the first of the kings is an astronomically larger problem then those faced with either Nero or Titus. e. ... Temple liberated and sacrifices restored: 14 th December 164 BC: "And they rose early in the morning of the 25 th of the 9 th month, this is the month Chislev, the 148 th year, and they offered up sacrifices according to the law on the altar for the burnt offerings, the new one that they made." (1 Maccabees 4:52-53) e. The period of time recorded in 1 Maccabees is three full 365-day years plus 8 days and equals a grand total of 1103 days. Daniel said it was only 1150 days. 13 f. The author has excavated many Antiochus IV coins at Khirbet el-Maqaitir and Shiloh. 6. In 166 BC John Maccabees revolts founding the Hasmonean kingdom. 7. In 164 BC the Jews ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible-Only-commentary-Daniel-Steven-Rudd.pdf

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... ... These excavations revealed that the site consisted of three superimposed fortresses, each one built over the remains of its predecessor, covering a time span from the 10th century B.C.E. to the destruction of the First Temple. The site was occupied by an unwalled settlement during the Persian period following ... A structure uncovered in the northwestern corner of the site comprised a number of chambers, including a rectangular room (ca. 6 x 4 m.) with a stone bench running along its walls. On the ash-covered floors of the casemate rooms ... The fortress was entirely surrounded by an earthen glagis that rested against a buttress wall, built to the height of ca. 2.50 m. This buttress wall was completely exposed along the east side of the fortress, as well as to a ... East of the water system, a structure consisting of a number of rooms attached to the southern casemate rooms was excavated. In one of these rooms an important ostracon was discovered (see below). Two casemate rooms were ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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300 BC: The Death of Hebrew Language, rise of The Septuagint ... The Septuagint filled this spiritual void for the tiny group of hungry remnant of Jews who began reading the Torah in Alexandria Egypt in their homes in small groups and the synagogue was born. ... It was also a utopic political ideology to restore Israel to the state of its last period of independence before 587 BC when the Paleo-Hebrew script was used by the general population. However, the ... Two unique events in world history can be attributed to the Jews: The invention of the first alphabet and the restoration of Hebrew in Modern Israel after it had been extinct for over 2200 years among ... Paradoxically, 85% of the European Jews killed by the German Nazi's in 1945 AD spoke German (Yiddish) not Hebrew. III. Three failed attempts to restore "Paleo-Hebrew": 166 BC - 135 AD 1. Hasmonean: ... The only ones who spoke Hebrew were the elite priesthood in the Jerusalem temple. c. Revolt coins have been excavated at Khirbet el-Maqatir (Ephraim of John 11) and Gamla where the famous Josephus was ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Extinction-Hebrew-first-century-mass-rapid-language-conversions-failed-restoration-attempts-Yiddish.htm

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The Septuagint, LXX: 10 Archeological proofs the Septuagint Tanakh ... We have highlighted 10 archeological proofs that the Greek Tanakh was 100% complete and that the Septuagint was the standard "pulpit bible" in every Synagogue: footnote to the Greek Esther dates the ... the first century. f. See full outline on the Jewish translated Greek Septuagint scroll of the 12 minor prophets. "Jesus born in Bethlehem" "Jesus the Branch" 7. 50 BC: Jewish apocalyptic documents translated into Greek: a. "At the same time, we should not overlook the fact that an entire series of apocalyptic documents (not to mention the Qumran documents) originated in precisely the period that ... The apparent reference to the letter by the author of 2 Maccabees suggests a date prior to 150 bce (2 Macc 2:1-3). A very fragmentary copy of vv. 43-44, dating to about 100 bce, was discovered in Cave ... Cave 7 Fragments, Qumran, p196, 2000 AD) d. "Some of the manuscripts written during the early Hasmonean period (130-ca. 63 B.C.E.), consisting at least in part of pre-Qumranic components: 7Q2 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Greek-Bible-entire-Tanakh-39-books-translated-complete-by-150BC.htm

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Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ... ... Clearly, Neolithic settlements existed contemporaneously with Early bronze Age Settlements. g. The sophisticated, high quality pottery that has been excavated in ancient Eridu (and many other places ... it back to before they believe pottery was first used the world over! This then becomes the date they supply the carbon dating labs, who of course, spit out the results that confirm such dating. b. "On brief inspection the flint items looked very homogenous and matched those known from Beidha. Although the architecture was not familiar for this period, the flint industry provided a sound dating ... This kind of layout of the wall grid at the beginning of the work on the terrace shows that in addition to planning height and extension the idea to use these channels as burial ground must have been ... These "windows" were the interior connections between adjacent rooms. In contrast to doors, large limestone slabs were used as lintels (Fig. 6 and Plate 61.A) as well as for the thresholds or window ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm

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Coins of the Seleucid Empire: 321-64 BC ... At Kritt's suggestion we have adopted a neutral terminology, employing letters of the alphabet to designate bronze denominations whose face values remain undetermined. For the early Hellenistic period (from Seleucus I through ... Hasmonean/Maccabean rebellion and independence: 166-37: 166 BC The Revolt of Mattathias who dies the same year (166 BC): 1 Maccabees 1,2; 2 Maccabees 6; Jos Ant. 7:265-272 166-160 BC Judas Maccabeus leads the independence movement (1 Maccabees 3-4; Jos Ant. 7:287-292) 164 BC Jewish Temple liberated by Judas Maccabeus. Origin of Hanukkah: In 164 BC the first Hanukkah celebrated the liberation and rededication of the Jewish Temple. In Hebrew, the word "Hanukkah" means "dedication." Hanukkah was celebrated in New Testament times: Jn 10:22. It is ... But when the king entered Mount Zion and saw what a strong fortress the place was, he broke the oath he had sworn and gave orders to tear down the wall all around. Then he set off in haste and returned to Antioch. He found ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Seleucid-empire-321-64BC.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... ... Scholars applied economic evaluation, but neglected the socioceremonial uses of some obsidian tools. Each area and period should be studied on its own merits; Hughes and Bettinger (1984: 165) assert that there are cases in which "the ... By this rule, if all the sites of a certain sys-tem are listed according to size, a site number N in the list will have 1/N population of the largest (first) site (Johnson 1981: 144, fig. 1).5 If we draw site lists on logarithmic graphs, systems obeying the rank-size rule ... None of the above-mentioned cases are later than Iron Age Judah (there are, of course, many later examples, including bor-ders defined structurally by defenses, e.g., Hadrian's wall in Britain or the Great Wall in China; for a Sassanian ... There are many lacunae and obscure sections in our knowledge, e.g., finds not recorded properly, biases resulting from different methods of excavation and differences in wealth between sites and excavated areas within sites. Even the context ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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The Great Basilica Synagogue of Alexandria Destroyed by Hadrian ... ... D. Description of the Great Synagogue in Alexandria: 1. 40 AD: Second Temple "Basilica-style" Synagogue in Alexandria (destroyed by Titus in 117 AD): a. The basilica style synagogue dates to the early first century AD (before 40AD) and this is a departure from the triclinium style synagogues that date back to the very beginning in 280 BC. Even though we have no excavated site top plans for any synagogue in Egypt, we do have many in both and outside Judea that ... To carry out the obligation of guests, who eat, drink, and sleep in the synagogue." (Babylonian Talmud, b. Pesah. 10:1, I.5.F-G) 8. Holy Ark of the scripture scrolls: a. The most likely place would be on the wall opposite the door. b. "He who makes an ark for a ... Master builder Stonemason Jesus: "Upon this Rock I will build My church" Everyday life: Archeology of Everyday Life and Homes at the time of Jesus Master List: Master list of First Temple Period, Pre-70 AD Synagogues Attend a church you can read about in the Bible: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Alexandria-Great-Basilica-Colonnaded-Egypt-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-top-plan-double-columns-71-gold-chairs-Philo-Talmud-280bc

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Dictionary of ancient pottery of the Bible ... The body wall at the spout or inside the neck is punctured to form a strainer (aka: beer jug). Biconical. See Wall profile. Body. Main part of the vessel between rim and base (aka: body. There are many different forms (see table 1, and fig. 6). Bottle. A very short-to-short jug (if it does have a pouring lip) or jar (if it does not have a ... A jar constructed with an incurved rim inflection which formed a curved neck, characteristic of the Late Neolithic II period. Bowl. The general term for an open vessel, with or without handles. Bowls are classified as ... Archaeologists and ceramicists, however, use a limited range of Munsell terminology-about one fifth of the total possible combinations-to describe colors of excavated soil layers and ceramics. This range extends from ... Flattened rim profiles may be angular, horizontal, or T-shaped (aka: hammer-head). Both of the first two may be everted or inverted. A T-shaped rim profile is thickened both externally and internally with inflection ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-glossary-dictionary-encyclopedia.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Sardis, Asia 49 BC ... There were also associations devoted to Apollo, Zeus, Attis, and the Jewish God (both Jews and Christians) in the Roman period. Despite its economic advantages, Sardis was also located in an area susceptible to earthquakes. As both Tacitus and ... bath and gymnasium complex. Only in the fourth and final stage did the building definitely serve as a synagogue. During the first stage, three rooms of roughly equal size occupied the south side of the palaestra, opposite a similar group of rooms on the north side. ... According to the excavators, the stage 2 building was still under construction in the early part of the third century. The stage 3 building is attested by the remains of marble revetments installed after the dividing wall between the vestibule ... of Archaeology, Vol. 109, No. 3, p444 2005 AD) 5. Response to Jodi Magness' reductionist redating scheme: a. "One of the most well-known debates about synagogue dating concerns the synagogues excavated as part of the Meiron Excavation Project. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Sardis-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Rev3-table-of-scrolls-niche-shrine-eagle-lions-mosaics-earthquake-Lydia-49bc.htm

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Naiothic Text (SNT): Samuel, Naioth, Ramah 1050 BC Below is an example of how the 10 Commandments would look in Hieroglyphic Hebrew script: II. Samuel wrote Joshua: 1. Content of Joshua dates to a much later period after Joshua died in 1356 BC: a. "To this day" references indicate ... If Samuel wrote Joshua, it was the first Bible book written in Paleo-Hebrew. Perhaps also, Samuel added the "to this day" statements found three times in the text. c. Joshua wrote Joshua (in Hieroglyphic-Hebrew), Samuel still translated it into Paleo-Hebrew. III. Ramah: Samuel's ancestral home town 1. Ramah is identified as El Ram: a. It was excavated as a result of the modern Israeli security wall that separates and protects Israel from the Arabs who occupy Israeli land. b. It is situated on a strait line, about halfway between ... input or corrections By Steve Rudd: November 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go to: Main Bible Manuscripts Page Go to: Main Ancient Synagogue Start Page Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Naiothic-Text-Samuels-SNT-translates-Bible-manuscripts-Hieroglyphic-Paleo-Hebrew-prophets-school-Ramah-1050BC.htm

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Samaritan Pentateuch Textual Variants: Joshua's Altar was on ... ... compared with the Masoretic version, Benyamim Tsedaka, Sharon Sullivan, The First English Translation of the Israelite Samaritan Torah, Benyamim Tsedaka, p xxi, 2013 AD) c. "WHO HAS CHANGED? Scholars conclude that the Israelite Samaritan pronunciation of Hebrew has not changed since the Second Temple period, and likewise the cantillation of their vocalizations remains unique. The ... They have made their pilgrimages for the three main festivals to Mount Gerizim without change since ancient times. They enter their synagogue barefoot, as instructed in the Torah (Exod. 3:5), covering ... In the Persian period the temple precinct was about 96 × 98 m in size and was built of local field stones. Adjacent to a large chamber gate (with six or eight chambers) in the northern wall, a ... There are many ancient literary sources that say Ezra restored all the Bible manuscripts that were lost during the destruction of Solomon's temple in 587 BC. i. 2 Maccabees 2:13-32, 124 BC ii. 2 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Samaritan-Pentateuch-SP-Bible-Manuscript-Textual-Variants-Old-Testament-scribal-gloss-error-Deut27-4-Mt-Gerizim-Ebal-Dead-Sea-Scroll-4Q33-Deuteronomy-f.htm

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Transjordan Early Edom And Moab 1900 BC ... Buseirah was a substantial administrative centre dominated by two or three large buildings and fortified by a town wall. The area excavated probably embraced only the central part of the ancient city, the rest being hidden under the ... The Upper Town was cut off from the Lower Town by a battered enclosure wall, which has been traced only between Areas B and A (Figure 11.6). 11. The Date of Sedentary Occupation in Edom: Evidence from Umm el-Biyara, Tawilan and Buseirah ... not drawings (see Finkelstein 1988a). 5. Sauer has also remarked that 'some possible Iron I sherds have already been published from Buseira' (1986:10), referring to two incomplete storage jars (Bennett 1975:fig.8:7-8), the first of which was also cited by Finkelstein (1992a:fig.2:17). ... Arabah for more than 4000 years, undoubtedly also for Edomites in the mid- 1st millennium BC. It will take much studying, comparing and, hopefully, also excavating to know tolerably well what belonged to what period and what population. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomites-early-edom-and-moab-piotr-bienkowski-1992ad.htm

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Security of Bulla and Seals Judah Israel. Creation of ancient ... 2. Bible bullae were made by taking a that string was tied and knotted around the legal document which was first rolled, then flattened, then folded onto itself, then tied with a string and knotted. ... Archeologically we have found many authentic clay seals from the period of the Babylonian captivity and the burning of Jerusalem in 587 BC by Nebuchadnezzar. So thanks to Nebuchadnezzar, we have ... Otherwise the clay, when buried, simple disintegrates. d. In rare cases, unfired clay bulla have been excavated in dry caves stored inside pottery jars. A seven sealed document along with 128 Bulla ... scribe registering Nubian tribute including ostrich eggs and feathers, a monkey, gold, and ebony. Wall painting tomb of Rekhamire at Thebes: 1475-1448 BC 2. Egyptian Scribe's palette 1000 B.C. Thebes ... they were seeking to bring them out to the people." (Acts 17:2-5) "The brethren immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea, and when they arrived, they went into the synagogue of the Jews. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-bulla-seals-security-creation-manufacture-of-ancient-legal-documents-sealed-papyrus-paper-rolled-folded-tied-string-knots-rosa-Terra-Rossa-clay-soil-israel-judah.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... ... More on Negev Pottery. "Tell el-Kheleifeh might still fit the location of Eloth, although no pottery securely datable to the Solomonic period has yet been found there. (Unfortunately, Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made ... It was first thought by Glueck to be a diagnostic horizon of the 10th century B.C. Recent surveys and excavations have significantly refined the chronology and distribution of this pottery. It is surely attested throughout the Iron Age ... A few "Negevite" vessels have been excavated at the Jordanian site of Buseirah (Bennett 1975: fig. 6:8, 12). (Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal, Gary D. Pratico, 1985 AD) At Tell el-Kheleifeh this handmade pottery is attested in both casemate fortress and fortified settlement ... In 1940 AD, Glueck misinterpreted round cavities in the walls as furnace flues for smelting copper. In 1965 AD, we correctly understood these to be where support timbers were placed in the wall for structural support. After 2500 years, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... built to follow the contour of lookout plateau or hill top. "The archaeological findings reveal, first of all, that a network of fortresses, including the first three types, existed in the 10th ... of Beer-sheba and the Wilderness of Zin have been surveyed, and 12 of them have been partially excavated to date. (Enclosed Settlements in the Negeb, Ze'ev Herzog, 1983 AD) In 1975, Ze'ev Meshel ... AD) "An accurate date for these Central Negev fortresses is not a merely academic issue. In the period embraced by the 11th and tenth centuries, Israel underwent a major transformation: It developed ... In my opinion, the forts were intended to defend the caravans plying the routes of the Way of the Spies, the Way of the Hill Country of the Amorites, and the Way of the Red Sea (Meshel 1974: fig. 17; ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, and it was built at the very edge of the cliff. ... The builders generally ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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How Petra was Built, Shaher M. Rababeh, 2005, p223-227 BC to the early 2nd cent. AD), and their exact dates of construction within this period are still not absolutely certain.' Nabataean construction techniques before those used at Petra have not previously been defined ... Diodorus Siculus 19.94-100. SHARER M. KABABEH Nabataeans borrowed their style:2 but also provides some evidence, for the first time, that perhaps there was not much influence on it from the Seleucids. I found that there ... This is the best explanation for the absence of the architrave blocks from the pronaoi of the buildings excavated so far. In certain circumstances, as the builders could not use slabs to cover longer intervals than 1.1 m (table in Fig. 6.37), they used wood, probably local juniper and olive timber (in VI.c.2). But the solution to the problem ... No one in the ancient world, outside Petra, ever carved a two-story rock-cut monument on this scale.3° Although the architectural composition of el-Khazneh is found in wall-paintings, it is now generally accepted that ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-how-petra-was-built-shaher-m-rababeh-2005ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra ... ... before moving on to destroy Babylon in 539 BC. The Persian period in the history of Edom is one of the least known, for there are few historical references to it and even fewer inscriptions or excavations. ... It reads: 'This is the place which Nuthairu made for the life of Aretas, king of the Nabataeans.' The Abbe Starcky dates this inscription on paleographic grounds to the first half of the 2nd century BC, making it the earliest known reference to the Nabataean monarchy. There are several biblical references to the Nabataeans in the Books of Maccabees, referring to events that ... The Emperor Hadrian visited Petra in 130, during his tour of the eastern provinces, and the city was known thereafter as Petra Hadriane. Excavations, wall lines and the siting of burials have all confirmed ... Margaret Murray and J.C. Ellis of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt excavated some caves above the Wadi Abu'Ollega in 1937, and in 1954 the Department of Antiquities of the Jordanian government ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra-a-guide-to-the-capital-of-the-nabataeans-1986ad.htm

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Four Hebrew Scripts: Mosaic, Hieroglyphic, Paleo, Aramaic, square ... ... With the birth of Synagogues in 280 BC, which used the Greek Tanakh (Septuagint), the heart of the masses moved to synagogue worship to meet their spiritual needs of worship. Just as first Hebrew ... I. Origin of the Hebrew Alphabet: 1. Hebrew as the first and oldest alphabet on earth: In order to understand the role the Greek Septuagint (LXX) played in the Old Testament (Tanakh), we must go to ... Paleo-Hebrew script: [Samuel to Zedekiah] 1050-458 BC. c. Aramaic-Hebrew "square" script: [Daniel, Maccabees, Dead Sea Scrolls, Jesus] 458 BC -70 AD. d. Masoretic-Hebrew "vowelled" script: [Masoretes, ... The Hebrew language was spoken by Abraham in Ur of Chaldees until Hebrew went extinct as a common spoken language around 200 AD until it was revived in 1915 AD in modern Israel. During this period, ... we understand it; and do not speak with us in Judean in the hearing of the people who are on the wall."" (Isaiah 36:11) e. "Then Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, and Shebnah and Joah, said to Rabshakeh, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Hebrew-ancient-earliest-writing-Bible-scripts-alphabets-origin-Mosaic-heiroglyphic-Paleo-Aramaic-Masoretic-Jewish-Greek.htm

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The Wilderness of Zin, C. Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence ... ... In the valley of Ain el Guderat are remains of many periods of occupation. The latest are the Arab graves of the Guderat tribe on the top of the little tell, and the excavated Arab corn-pits at the ... The great interest of Guderat is in its tell, (First recorded by Dr. Kuhtreiber, in Z.D.P. V., vol. 37, part i.) which seems to contain a ruin of a period not represented elsewhere in the Negeb, save ... The sides are very steep, and at first the whole thing looks only like a pile of round water-worn pebbles and ashes, without system. This, however, is seen not to be so as soon as one digs anywhere. ... faced, not certainly with ashlar, but with limestone blocks selected off the hill-sides with regard to their squareness of shape and convenience of size for loading on a camel and for laying (Fig. 8). ... The walls are faced with well-laid blocks, some as much as three feet long, but all thin and light; the filling is of river pebbles, large rough stones, and mud. Between the towers the wall seems to ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-woolley-lawrence-the-wilderness-of-zin-1914-1915ad.htm

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