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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... Higham, A.J. Shortland, 2005) 18 THE BIBLE AND RADIOCARBON DATING During the 1970s and 1980s, there was almost a consensus concerning the dating of two main pottery assemblages that are of interest to us here: a. ... by suggesting the wholesale lowering by 50-80 years of archaeological assemblages traditionally attributed to the 12th-10th ... shape of the calibration curve for the 11th and 12th centuries BCE. Consequently, Finkelstein suggested lowering the dates of late Iron Age I assemblages from the late 11th century to the 10th century BCE and the lowering of tradi-tional 10th century BCE assemblages ... There are two such minor anchors on which all the sides in this debate agree. The first is represented by the site of Jezreel ... This would be 253 years, giving a date of 917 BCE. However, this is not the best fit to all the data, and ignores hard evidence ... East-near Fritz's Building 200 (n = 4 samples); North-HD 10991 (n = 1 sample); and West-near the fortress gate (n = 3 samples). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ... The true to colour image above shows the piles of black copper slag stacked all around the site. Introduction document: ... Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: Khirbat en-Nahas (KEN) is a fortress built by Solomon and the Edomites ... the largest Iron Age copper production centre in the southern Levant" (Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, 2004 AD) Learn more about: Timna. Click to View Apart from the obvious shortcomings of Radiocarbon dating, we feel the ... seventh BC. State formation more likely began several centuries earlier, rooted in local processes of social evolution ... For example, the Bible makes over 40 references to the great Hittite Empire. You see, 100 years ago, no archaeological ... imports confirm two major phases of production in the 12-11th centuries BCE and 10-9th centuries BCE at Khirbat en-Nahas. ... BC and during the tenth - ninth centuries BC. These new data necessitate a re-examination of the role of the lowlands in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... The site was surveyed in 1934 by N. Glueck, in 1937 by R. de Vaux, and in 1956 by Y. Aharoni. In 1956, M. Dothan carried out excavations in ... independent evidence to confirm this viewpoint. (The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating, Thomas E. Levy, Higham, Bruins, Plicht, 2005, p352) Qudeirat was ... Kadesh-Barnea, M Dothan, 1965) Gunneweg also says the same: "The Iron Age II fortress of Qadesh Barnea (nowadays called Tell 'Ein el-Qudeirat) is ... In the 8th-7th centuries a solid-walled fortress was erected on the site, and in the 7th-6th centuries B.C. a towered fortress was ... "Our archaeological excavations have revealed the ruins of three Iron Age (Israelite) fortresses on the tell, each, except for the first, built over its predecessor. These fortresses date from the tenth to the sixth centuries B.C. and provide important data which help flesh out ... at Tell el-Qudeirat is considerably older (10th-9th centuries BCE in the 1a range) than the age suggested by Cohen (1983, 1993a) in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev They have a peculiar vested interest in dating that is a few years before or after Solomon, any date as long as it excludes the possibility that the Bible is true. Having examined most of the archeological data, it is clear that these ... to follow the contour of lookout plateau or hill top. "The archaeological findings reveal, first of all, that a network of ... Second, at Kadesh-barnea in the 8th-7th centuries B.C. a solid-walled fortress was erected over its predecessor's remains." (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) One of the big discussions is ... Solomon greatly expanded his rule so he is the obvious candidate for these fortresses. B. Locations of the 50 fortresses: "The site, ... Using just the Egyptian Chronologies, apart from the Bible, Shishak ascended the thone in 945 BCE. This agrees with the Bible record: ... As such we can be very confident of ascribing the accession of Sheshonq I to the middle of the 940s BCE. (The Bible and Radiocarbon ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... An international team of researchers show how high-precision radiocarbon dating is liberating us from chronological assumptions based on Biblical research. Surface and topographic mapping at ... Occupation begins here in the eleventh century BC and the monumental fortress is built in the tenth. If this site can be equated with the rise of the Biblical kingdom of Edom it can now be seen to: have its roots in local Iron Age societies; is considerably earlier than previous scholars assumed; and proves that complex societies existed in Edom long before the influence of Assyrian imperialism was felt in the region from the eighth - sixth centuries BC. Keywords: Iron Age, Levant, Edom, copper-working, ... The recent application of high-precision radiocarbon dates to Iron Age archaeological strata offers a less biased approach for establishing a reliable chronology for the region and for assessing Biblical and ancient Near Eastern textual and archaeological data (Bruins et al 2003; ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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Pottery of the Bible lands and are not a useful tool for dating." (Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, 2004 AD) "However, the current suite of 37 radiocarbon dates from KEN are not without problems (see Higham et al. [Chapter 11, this volume]) and it is clear that many more samples must be tested from sealed archaeological deposits associated with 'cleaner' assemblages of ceramics, scarabs, seals and other archaeological evidence. While the current dates push the occupational history of Edom back to the 12th-9th centuries BCE, the sample size is too small to confront the arguments concerning the High and Low Chronologies for the Iron Age in Israel/Palestine. ... pottery: Two painted 'Midianite' sherds (N27 and 28) from smelting site 2 at Timna show a chemical composition which is different from all pottery seen so far. ... a kiln discovered at Qurayyah, in modern Saudi Arabia. "We have compared these data with those obtained from archaeologically defined local 'Midianite' pottery, ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... One exception was the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud, which lacked Negev pottery. "Surprisingly, the site yielded no ... made pottery, which is needed for dating and kept the Negev pottery which cannot be dated without the wheel make pottery. ... B. Rothenberg's research in the Timna-Eilat area has shown that its origins may be several centuries earlier (1972: 153-54), and now, since the excavations at Kadesh-barnea, it is clear that it remained in use until the end of the Iron Age. Within this ... By the time of the middle fortress (8th-7th centuries B.C.E.), however, a wide variety of forms were in use, many of them ... Although not enough archaeological evidence exists so far for the accurate dating of these settlements, the Timna Temple ... The date of this level cannot be determined in light of current data. (Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal, Gary ... from the tenth to the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... to the use of archaeology for the study of ancient Canaanite and Israelite religions were established in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ... They examined religions from the Paleolithic through the Iron Age by reference to archaeological data and although restricted by their evolutionary approach, their utilization of archaeology to study ... his excavation at Tell Beit Mirsim in the 1930's was a landmark project and his site report noteworthy for its inclusion of an innovative ceramic study (1943). ... The HB is a composite document, comprising traditional oral narratives, administrative texts, legal codes, and written expositions.12 The dating of the ... The three fortress temples (Temples D, B1 and N) suggest the accumulation of great wealth and indicate that relationships were not always harmonious among ... Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 1995 On the Edge of Empires—Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BCE). Pp. 320-29 in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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Origin of the Philistines, Sea Peoples, Pentapolis Cities, Goliath excavator of Knossos, a major site on Crete, based on Minos, an ancient ruler of Crete known from Greek mythology. We do not know what the ancient inhabitants of Crete called themselves. Archaeological evidence indicates that the ... The Archeological Bronze Age changed to the Iron age in Canaan because of the Philistines conquered the Asia and the Levant in 1177 BC. 5. ... I am forced to conclude that the new series of radiocarbon dates from Cyprus and the independently derived date for ... begins to appear with the first appearance of the Philistine culture in Canaan (ca. late 13th to early 12th cent. BCE). ... is a Minoan graffito found in the sacred precinct dating to ca. 1600 BC. Analyses of the sherd determined that it ... and historical data, lead us to propose a date of 1194-1190 BC for the Sea People event in the northern Levant. ... Of course, Qeiyafa did not exist at the time of the battle in 1025 BC, but David built the circular fortress as a monument ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeology-origin-of-the-Philistines-Pentapolis-Sea-Peoples-Crete-Rameses-III-Medinet-Habu-Mortuary-temple-reliefs-inscriptions-Thebes-1077BC.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... Edom unlocks the key to dating Obadiah to 586 BC Exodus period Nations in Canaan Click to View Click to View Click to View The Amorites The ... Bronze/Iron Age transitional period - there were enough people there to concern Egyptian official interests, and the lifestyle was (at least in part) pastoral and (with tents) at least semi- nomadic. The consequent scarcity of tangible physical remains in the archaeological record ... Moab, and especially Edom, should be considered mainly as 'tented kingdoms', likewise, in at any rate the 13th to perhaps the 9th centuries ... into the Negev: "The Petrans' revenge on Judah: In the late 600 BCE, the smaller kingdoms of the Middle East were gripped by fear of the ... to Kadesh-barnea, that limit now passes from an unknown to a known quantity, by the fixing of a site which is described as just beyond it. ... series of Hebrew letters recovered from the excavation of the fortress at Arad by the late Yohanan Aharoni, the Edomites are also mentioned. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ... ... If Nimrod lived centuries after the Tower of Babel, then the huge focus the Holy Spirit places on an obscure and irrelevant ... Some cultures today continue to use stone tools. 5. Collapse of the Late Bronze age & dawn of the Iron age was triggered by ... was 1485 BC. (Has Radiocarbon Artificially Raised Bronze Age Dates?, Near Eastern Archaeological Society Bulletin, Vol 58, 2013 AD) By Steven Rudd January 2019 B. Notes about the Christian Archaeological Dating (CAD) 1. Steven Rudd, ... the Archaeological sequence at the site from the Ubaid 1 to the Ubaid expansion. a. Population: 800 (6 Persons @ 5% growth 100 yrs. after flood) c. Nimrod builds the first mudbrick temple to Enki (freshwater god) at Eridu (temple XVII) 4. 3000 BC: Nimrod, age 225, ... Therefore, the data the Archaeologists collected was correct and their conclusions provide powerful truth understood by ... from his shoulders; cylinder seal impression, ca. 2400 bce. 3. Notice that the written language symbols for "Shamash" ... ... https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm

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Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd Dating the Gospel of John to AD 98 Old Testament Bible Book and Chapter Dating Jewish to Julian Calendar Date Converter Josephus ... for hypocritically defiling the temple by turning it into a military fortress and filling it with 8,500 of dead bodies and blood. ... in Rev 13:11. In the first three centuries, Christians supposedly died unless they confessed Caesar as God, but it is all a myth. ... Gibeah of Benjamin later became the first capital city of Israel under Saul. The site was known then as Gibeah of Saul, located about 5 km north of Jerusalem. Iron age I installations have been excavated including ... (The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem, 614 c.e.- An Archaeological Assessment, Gideon Avni, BASOR, No. 357, p35-48, 2010 AD) c. ... By the first cent. the Jewish population in Asia Minor perhaps reached in excess of one million. From these data, Ramsay rightly ... transferred this issue to a mint in Jerusalem in around 19/18 BCE. At this time, Meshorer observed, the letters KAP, shortened to ... ... https://www.bible.ca/revelation/

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) The first part of this article is the final report on the excavations at the Iron Age site on a high hill near Quseima, dominating the Dharb Ghazza road to Eilat and Sinai. The second part returns to an old archaeological controversy: who built the sites known as "Israelite fortresses," when, ... no definitive answers have been given to such questions as a precise dating of these fortresses within the Iron Age, the identity of their builders, and the purpose of the sites. ... The total area of the site is more than 3500 m2, making it the largest of its kind, several times larger than most of the other fortresses (for a summary of the data on the ... To our mind the finds themselves do not permit dating the site more precisely than somewhere between the end of the 11th and the 10th centuries B.C. (below). Some poorly built ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... ... his reign was 1485 BC. (Has Radiocarbon Artificially Raised Bronze Age Dates?, Near Eastern Archaeological Society Bulletin, Vol 58, 2013 AD) The mushroom hairstyle is also Semitic and non-Egyptian. ... Hatshepsut was coregent with her stepson Thutmoses III from 1485-1464 for a period of 21 years until she died at age 77. Thutmoses ... It may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "wilderness of ... At least 25 inscribed Trajanic milestones or fragmentary specimens along the transportation artery, all firmly dating between AD ... data is desired, the security of this conviction becomes even more decisive by virtue of the fact that 5 of the milestones are thought to have been originally erected in the vicinity of Kh. al-Kithara, inside the confines of the canyon-like Wadi Yutm and at a site ... It was a great city in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Christians of Petra were persecuted by Diocletian. (The Onomasticon, Eusebius, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD In particular, the remains of an additional fortress (Stratum 6), earlier in date than the two previously uncovered (Strata 4, 5), now complete the stratigraphical sequence at the site. The Iron Age Strata (Strata 4, 5, 6) The work at (En Haseva has now distinguished six occupation levels (from the latest to the earliest): (1) Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (sixth-seventh centuries CE) (2) Late Roman Period (third-fourth centuries CE) (3) Nabatean and Early Roman Periods (first-second centuries CE) (4) Iron Age (seventh-sixth centuries BCE) (5) Iron Age ... Although our investigations and analysis of the material are still in progress, both the archaeological record and biblical accounts lead us to believe that the shrine was a high place dedicated to one of the ... Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981;1983a), dating from the tenth to the beginning ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... This study reappraises his excavations with special attention to the site's stratigraphy, architecture, and pottery traditions. The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress and fortified settlement. The pottery horizons suggest an occupational history from the 8th to the 6th centuries B.C. with a postscript of uncertain duration. Identification of the site is both an archaeological and an historical problem. ... Thesite's occupational horizons were dated between the Iron I and Persian periods (Glueck 1938a: 3-17; 1938b: 2-13; 1939: 8-22; 1940a: 2-18; 1965: 70-87). He accepted Frank's ... Fig. 1. Tell el-Kheleifeh at the end of the 1938 season. architectural tradition of the Iron Age, known as the "four-room house" (Shiloh 1970). It is a tradition with broad ... The casemate units of this earliest phase continued into later levels (figs. 3, 8). Dating the Casemate Fortress Designating this fortress as Ezion-geber I, Glueck assigned this ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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Sabbatatrians Refuted and Sabbath keepers Exposed: 2011 AD ... AD 33 date accepted by most Christian scholars and which is supported better by historical and astronomical data. ...dating it to a somewhat more "modern" usage, much like the King James Bible was up-dated in small increments until the current age is well represented by something like The New International Version. The concept that the Hebrew language had not fully evolved into Ancient Hebrew by the time of King David is verified by recent archaeological discoveries of artifacts with inscriptions that date back to the 10th Century BCE, ... authorship) over the centuries between the Exodus and the Captivity undoubtedly confronted significant challenges. ... this chapter, explained in more detail at another web page at this site titled: Isaiah 66:23: New Moon observance. ... terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the ... "Then Judas appointed certain men to fight against those that were in the fortress, until he had cleansed the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/7-lying-for-god-Kerry-Wynne.htm

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Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... The ambivalence of archeologists to use this crude ancient hand made pottery in establishing a specific date, like wheel made pottery, does not change the fact that if the site was built by Solomon, we would expect to find Negevite war. The absence, not the ... "Diggers retrieved a complete handmade Negbite cooking-pot, made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981;1983a), dating from the tenth to the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) C. ... Although there is a strong possibility, based on archaeological, historical, and biblical considerations, that Jehoshaphat was the builder of the Stratum 5 fortress, there are, nevertheless, archaeological remains dating to Uzziah, and a case may be made to ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm

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Transjordan Early Edom And Moab 1900 BC Early Edom And Moab The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan edited by Piotr Bienkowski 1992 AD (Early Edom And Moab, Egyptian evidence on Ancient Jordan; K. A. ... Thereafter, Egyptian sources fade, and it is only from the 9th/8th centuries BC that indigenous ancient Jordanian sources and reports from Mesopotamia carry forward the story, still with biblical contributions. Non-literary archaeological data round out the picture. We shall review the Egyptian data chronologically. ... No. 98, tpn, could in theory be at Talmudic Taphnith, at present Tibnin - an untested site? However, Redford has proposed a radically different solution for these 15 ... Tawilan: Glueck's original survey of Tawilan had concluded that it was a very important Edomite site, dating from the 13th to 6th centuries BC (Glueck 1934:13-14; ... Lindner and Farajat 1987)? Umm el-Ala: an Edomite fortress south of Petra It was by pure chance that after Baja III another Iron II (Edomite) site should have been ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomites-early-edom-and-moab-piotr-bienkowski-1992ad.htm

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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... Cohen published his main stratigraphic conclusions, but the factual data on which they are based were only partially published.3 Nevertheless, we possess sufficient data to question some of his central ... Following his soundings in 1956, Dothan reached four conclusions relevant to our study. Three periods of settlement can be discerned at the site: a settlement which existed 'before the construction of the fortress', apparently in the tenth century B.C.E.; the rectangular fortress dating from the eighth-sixth centuries B.C.E.; and a settlement which existed after the ... The floors of the casemate rooms were laid at the elevation of the top of the glacis, 'and a difference in levels was thus created 1 C.L. Woolley and T.E. Lawrence: The Wilderness of Zin (Archaeological ... at Tel Lachish and the superimposed residency of the Persian period, 0. Tufnell: Lachish III, The Iron Age, London, 1953, Pls. 118-119. 5 Cf., e.g., the wall surrounding the courtyard of the Level II city ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... In 1950, during a study trip, B. Mazar found a small number of Iron Age sherds as well as decorated Nabataean and Roman-Byzantine sherds (Aharoni 1963:31). Relying ... (1994) excavations at the site have been direct-ed by the author and Y. Yisrael, on be-half of the IAA, with funding provided through the Negev Tourism Develop-ment Administration. The excavations employ 50-60 workers from Yeruham. The excavators have uncovered two underlying fortresses dating to the Ju- The Roman Fortress (Strata 2a-2b) The most ... At the end of the third or the begin-ning of the fourth centuries CE, during the reign of Diocletian, the fort flour-ished once again. The projecting towers were ... Archaeological investigation indi-cates that 'En tla5eva stood at an impor-tant junction with roads leading west, northeast, and south. The western route ... Its outer walls reach approximately 1.5 m in width. Pottery retrieved from the floor be-longs to the seven-sixth centuries BCE, which suggests that this fortress ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... from the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech ensured the accuracy of the raw data which the team interpreted. ... Of Archeology, Univ. of Haifa was doing a formal archaeological survey of the traditional lands of Manasseh and discovered a Hebrew Altar that dated to 1250 BC. ... Ebal Altar and the Beginnings of the Nation of Israel". See also: (Zertal, A. 1986/87 An Early Iron Age Cultic Site on Mt. Ebal: Excavation Seasons 1982-1987. Tel Aviv 13-14: ... The curse tablet was found in Zertal's excavation dump of Joshua's altar which he determined was abandoned around 1150 BC, dating the curse tablet earlier than 1150 ... The lead tablet dismantles and collapses the "Documentary Hypothesis" of Bible scoffers, who say that scribes wrote different portions of Pentateuch centuries apart ... Others disagree with the cultic identification, suggesting that its central stone installation was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress and not an altar ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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Timna ... was an archaeological blank save for Egyptian mining sites at Serabit el-Khadem and Timna (see photos of artifacts from Serabit el-Khadem and Timna) near Eilat. There was no evidence of settled occupation to be found. This proved true even at the site generally identified with Kadesh-Barnea ('Ein Qudeirat). It was not occupied until the tenth century B.C.E at the earliest, and its fortress was constructed only in the ninth century." (Israelite Origins, An ... have produced surprising discoveries of a developed civilization in precisely the period in question, the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, the 13th to 12th centuries. ... Compared with the rather meagre pottery from the surface collection, the excavation secured many additional types, including pieces important for dating. In all areas ... a kiln discovered at Qurayyah, in modern Saudi Arabia. "We have compared these data with those obtained from archaeologically defined local 'Midianite' pottery, which ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... Introduction The regional approach to archaeological research is gradually assuming a predominant role in Israel. In the Negev this trend may be ... The objectives of the present study are to provide a comparison of Early Iron Age data from both regions and to offer a synthesis of the ... This typology, which ignores the factor of size, lumps radically different types of structures into a single category. For example, the fortress ... cannot, of course, support any particular date within the Iron Age for these sites. Cohen's suggestion to relate this ware to the Kenites (1980: 77) is apparently contradicted by the evidence from the only site so far attributed to this tribe, namely Stratum XII at Arad ... According to Meshel, however, this pottery cannot be dated any more precisely than the 11 th- 10th centuries B.C. On historical grounds, he ... of Amalek" (1 Sam 15:5, RSV = "the city of Amalek"), Rothenberg's dating is incompatible with the Iron Age wheel-made pottery found in these ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... Research on the fortresses resumed in the late 1950's and 60's. Extensive archaeological surveys, directed chiefly by Nelson Glueck (1959c: 146-86; 1961: 12-14) and Yohanan Aharoni (1967: 1-17), located numerous similar fortress remains, the majority of which were also Iron Age in origin. It rapidly ... Raviv, Qasr er-Ruheibeh, Be'er Har Boger, Mishor Ha-Ruah, and the fortress north of Kadesh-barnea; (3) irregular fortresses, including ... Glueck and Aharoni maintained that the fortresses had been erected by the kings of Israel between the 10th and the 7th centuries B.C. in ... Recent Surveys In summarizing the latest data in 1967, Aharoni predicted that more fortresses would surely be discovered in the future ... The author also conducted four seasons of excavations between 1976-78 at the important fortress site of Tel Kadesh-barnea (Tell 'Ain ... He bases his earlier dating on the results of his excavations at the Timna sanctuary (1972: 153-54). Aharoni, incidentally, subsequently ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... Its strategic location on two important ancient routes, its abundance of water and its correspondence with Biblical geography makes this the most likely candidate; no other site offers a convincing alternative. The ... Ein el-Qudeirat had three fortresses: (built and destroyed three times) Our archaeological excavations have revealed the ruins of three Iron Age (Israelite) fortresses on the tell, each, except for the first, built over its predecessor. These fortresses date from the tenth to the sixth centuries B.C. and provide important data which help flesh out the tangled history of this period. Youngest of three fortresses: 700 BC (top layer, first excavated) The uppermost, and therefore latest, fortress at Kadesh-Barnea is rectangular, about 200 feet long and 135 feet wide. ... Apparently, the earliest fortress at Kadesh-Barnea had an oval ground plan, similar to the plan of fortresses dating from the same period uncovered at Ein-Qedeis and Atar Haroa near Sde Boker. We were able to date ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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Midianite Pottery: The designer import of the ancient world. ... Pottery: Neutron Activation Analysis, Gunneweg, 1991 AD) "Early Iron Age I Timna, with its highly centralized metal-mining activities, was ... This can partly be solved by determining unidirectional trade in pottery of the people who worked there. INAA data show that 75% of all pottery ... "Other new aspects of chronology and of historical interpretation are provided by the absolute dating at Timna of the decorated Midianite pottery. ... Today the Timna types of Midianite ware are dated to the fourteenth to twelfth centuries c and there is good archaeological evidence for its origin in north-west Arabia, in the area of Midian. Indeed, the survey report of Midian published in 1970 describes the site of a kiln at Qurayyah where this decorated pottery was actually produced and a Late Bronze Age date for at least some of it was correctly ... It is virtually on every Bible map produced for the last 75 years. They have found Midianite pottery at Qudeirat: The upper fortress, as mentioned ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-midianite-pottery.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... The wheel-made pottery finds were mainly from the 8th-7th centuries B.c.E., though some seemed a century earlier. This 9th-century B.C.E. dating suggested to Dothan ... Further excavations, however, revealed that this rubble-filled wall actually belonged to an earlier fortress on the site, over the remains of which the later ... right: Handmade chalice of the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. As mentioned above, the handmade pottery of the Negev evidently was observed first by Woolley and Lawrence. ... They also had noticed, in passing, similar sherds among the debris of the Iron Age fortress at Bir Birein (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 43). This pottery was "rediscovered" ... Kadesh-barnea remains a promising object of future exploration, and further data on the southern zone of ancient Israel undoubtedly lie hidden in its ruins. ... Exploration Journal 15: 134-51. 1977 Kadesh Barnea. Pp. 697-98 in Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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Misidentified: "Belonging to Jotham" and "Belonging to Eliakim ... ... This argument about their stratigraphic dating spanned half a century,' and it was not settled until David Ussishkin's excavation of Lachish ... This research proves that the handles stamped with Eliakim's seal are in fact connected to the royal jars. The data were reinforced by the ... 1. With the seal misdated to Jehoiachin initially, it seriously warped and skewed the archeological interpretations for all site in Israel. a. ... after the first Eliakim na˓ar Yokan handle was found, Olga Tufnell published the final excavation report on the Iron Age strata at Lachish. ... The earlier date of 701 BCE was supported primarily by Tufnell (1953), Aharoni, and Ruth Amiran (Aharoni and Amiran 1958: 182, note 42), and ... Yokan Seal Impressions: Sixty Years of Confusion in Biblical Archaeological Research, Yosef Garfinkel, Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 53, 1990 ... As a result, a mysterious gap between the tenth and seventh centuries seemed to appear at most of the excavated sites in Judah. In this way a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-Belonging-to-Eliakim-servant-of-Jehoiachin-belonging-to-Jotham-misidentified.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... Archaeological studies during the last three decades have tended to draw a sharp separation between "pots" and "people." The latter are ... During the later part of the Iron Age II (eighth-seventh centuries B.C.), Judah existed as a state, or "polity," with clear political borders. ... This last conclusion is very interesting for Iron Age Judah, as one only has to replace "ethnographic" with "historical."4 Many scholars see cultures as territorially (and temporally) related. For example, Jarman studies "site-territory," where the borders of the site are ... The geographical scope of that list fits the small kingdom of Josiah, and the dating of the list to his reign is based on the inclusion of ... Data about later or earlier HRF are not available. The fact that many HRF appear in Judah already in the eighth century B.C. calls for ... P. D. Miller, P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride. Phil-adelphia: Fortress. Holland, T. A. 1975 A Typological and Archaeological Study of Human and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ... ... These were followed by a settlement gap that lasted several centuries. Later, two successive pottery phases developed: the Pottery ... flint waste from the workshops on the slopes protected archaeological deposits (Area A, NW Section) - huge accumulations of ... In addition, the comparative data on burnt bones suggests a slightly higher (though not significant) frequency at Mount Ebal than ... In the early Iron Age I some of its stones were robbed. In a later phase of the Iron Age I, during construction work on the mound, a Late Bronze Age favissa was found and removed to the robber ... Analysis of mammalian bones from Basta, a Pre-pottery Neolithic Site, Cornelia Becker, Paléorient, Vol 17, No 1, p66, 1991 AD a. ... excavations at Basta uncovered another huge collection of bones (more than 100 000 specimens), dating to the 7th millennium B.C. ... ... Based on the typology of flint artifacts and on the basis of radiocarbon dates, the settlement was dated to the late Pre-Pottery Neo- ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm

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495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ... Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is ... The name of the city probably reflects this trade." (The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Elephantine, 1990 AD) b. ... our forefathers built that temple in the Elephantine fortress and when Cambyses [the Persian ruler who conquered Egypt in 525 ... some other divine names are mentioned [§11.3.1]), dated to 400 bce (TAD C3.15=AP 22). These data could certainly be interpreted as indicating that the temple was ... revolted and joined themselves to the Ethiopians, two hundred and forty thousand Egyptians of fighting age. The reason was as follows. ... The local administrative units, the nomes, became tax collectors' districts, and outmoded titles dating back to the Old and Middle ... of the Egyptian ram god Khnum-to whom a temple was built on Elephantine during the 18th-19th centuries bc (or the 16th-13th centuries bc). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm

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The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City ... ... water system; later, the Hellenic Temple of Artemis (Turkey) dating to 800 BC incorporated strings of socketed, mortared, terracotta ... These parameters, as extracted from the archaeological record, as well as insights into the management strategy of these assets, help to as- ... Measurement of flow rates may have used techniques developed by Hero of Alexandria (Ortloff & Crouch 1998) in previous centuries. 102 Water ... Defense Wall and Fortress (35), Conway Tower (54)] are logically associated with a dam (d) at Wadi Turkamaniya (B;2) that may have trapped and stored sufficient runoff to provide water to the lower reaches of the Temple of the Winged Lions, although no excavation data is available. ... The Nabataean mindset sought to utilize all water resources. On-site dams constituted yet further complexity to water management. Local ... Provided a cistern could be made deep enough, it would be resupplied from groundwater, a technique well known in Bronze and Iron Age cities of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-water-supply-of-petra-charles-r-ortloff-2005.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC ... The two dating systems point to the same year. We know this is the case because Baasha died in 886 BC, which was the 25th regnal year of Asa's reign. This simple observation solves an apparent chronological contradiction that had stumped Bible students for centuries. Details: Chronology of Kings of Judah ... Elisha strikes Aram army with blindness: 2 Ki 6:12-14. Jesus restores the site of blind man: Jn 9. TYPE: Sinful captives released in mercy when others ... And from there, I took the vessels of YHWH" (Mesha Stone, 841 BC) 841 BC Begin Iron Age IIB Archaeological End of Archaeological Age IIA (1010-841 BC) ... Ahaziah the King of Judah and Jezebel widow of Ahab in 841 BC. 4. Begin Iron Age IIB in 841 BC 839 BC Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca on Pithos Jar: Partial text of inscription: "YHWH of Samaria ... The defeat of Aram-Damascus by Adad-nirari III about 796 bce liberated Israel from Aramean oppression." (The Eighth, the Greatest of Centuries? P. J. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25 ... Romans in AD 69. This proves Paul was converted before 40 AD and gives us help in dating other events in the New Testament. ... and archaeological excavations: Elusa [Ptolemy, Geography 5.16.10; Peutinger map; Libanius Ep. 101, 132, 532, 536; Medaba map], Advat/Oboda [Ptolemy, Geography 5.17.4; Peutinger map], Ruheiba, Nessana [6th century AD papyri found on site], Sobata ... suggesting it is Arabian territory is a mistake. b. "In 312 bce, with the help of Ptolemy in Egypt, Seleucus was able to ... His descendants ruled over this diverse empire for the next two and a half centuries." (New Interpreter's Dictionary of the ... The reconstructions shown here are based upon data in the medieval world maps that were, in turn, derived from Roman ... there is another harbor and fortified place [military fortress], which is called White Village [Greek = Leuke Kome], from ... it those of the Greeks who were disabled by age or by wounds, as well as any who had remained behind of their own volition. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... There seemed to be hardly more than a month in winter when even Bedouin could graze their flocks among the barren rocks. Yet the Archaeological Survey of the Negev, which began as part of the intense survey of the whole of Israel ... Notable among these evidences of early human habitation is a series of sites dating to the Iron Age. They invariably consist of some sort of fortress surrounding or adjacent to a small settlement. Yohanan Aharoni identified many of these sites in his Negev survey of the late 1950's and attributed ... Therefore, in order to investigate the matter of hand-made Negev pottery as well as to clarify the western boundary of the central Negev and the Judean hold on it, Cohen turned to the site of Kadesh Barnea, where he fielded an ... which he dated to the 10th century; the fortress itself with pottery from a very long time-span — the 9th to the 7th centuries; and a post-fortress period of scattered Persian remains.6 Cohen was curious about a number of things. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... In 1975, Ze'ev Meshel conducted a survey in the area of Nahal Sirpad, with the help of the staff of the field school at Sde Boqer. As a result of all these archaeological surveys, more than 40 Iron Age fortresses have now been ... Let us put aside the fourth category because the two fortresses with outcropping towers at their corners and sides date from the eighth to the sixth centuries B.C., considerably later in the Iron Age than the other three fortress plans; these other three are not only earlier, but contemporaneous. In ... One of the most significant contributions of our recent work on these fortresses has been to re-date them—although not all scholars agree with our new dating. The principal method for dating these fortresses is to date the ... The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to the site still bearing that name. Identifying the other fortresses referred to by Shishak is more problematic, but it may well be that a number of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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'Edomite', `Negbite' And 'Midianite' Pottery From The Negev Desert ... archaeology concerning the provenance of ceramics found in the Negev desert in Israel ('Amr 1987; Gunneweg et al. forthcoming) in contrast to that on major archaeological sites in central and northern Israel. ... Analytical work performed on the ceramics found at the shrine of Horvat Qitmit was described at some length in a previous publication (Gunneweg and Mommsen 1990). The Iron Age II fortress of Qadesh Barnea (nowadays called ... In 1968, during Parr's survey of northern Hejaz in Arabia, J. Dayton found similar painted pottery at Hereibe (ancient Dedan) and at Qurayyah (Midian) (Parr et al. 1970) and called it 'Midianite' while dating ... so that a match of pottery with these wasters would be site-specific. An extra kiln waster from Elusa in the western Negev (N 127) was analysed as well. Three groups of Iron Age II pottery served as additional reference material. One group is stylistically local to Beer Sheba (unpublished data from the Berkeley data bank), whereas two others of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... and implements on the surface of Tell el-Kheleifeh, it was seen that the pottery remains dated from the 10th to the 5th-4th centuries B.C. Frank had correctly adjudged them to be older than Roman. ... One cer-tainly would have expected the equivalent of a 10th century B.C. and later police-post and customs house at Aqabah. Furthermore, a fortress dating from Solomonic times may have existed on top of one of the hills overlooking the site of Aqabah below, with its fertile terrain, crossroads, springs and harbor. Such a fortress may yet be found, and its existence would comport with the general practice of the early Iron age of building fortifications on defensible hilltops dominating strategic points. At the present time, however, the mound of Tell el-Kheleifeh is the only site known on the ... Elath, 18th Archaeological Convention (1962), pp. 105-8 (IIebrew). 14. Letter dated Dec. 18, 1938. Israelites to the art of metallurgy, may also have had wheel-made pottery going back to the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ... fourteenth to the twelfth centuries B C. As the Arabah Expedition's excavations proved, this was a Pharaonic Egyptian enterprise of the Ramesside Dynasties, working in conjunction with the local Midianite and Amalekite tribes. ... As only Site 2 was excavated it is impossible at present to establish detailed chronological data for these camps, apart from the fact that the pottery found on all of them indicates a Ramesside date as the general period for ... Furthermore, besides the large, heavy and dark coloured slag, many smaller pieces of porous appearance and of light brown-grey colour were found at Site 2. There was no archaeological or metallurgical explanation for the ... The Negev ware and the Midianite pottery, for which no stratified comparisons existed at the time, could not help in dating Site 2. The 'normal' pottery could be compared with the Late Bronze Age -Early Iron Age I pottery of Palestine, but not enough identifiable pottery was found on the surface, especially ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... ... The fortress at Tell el-Kheleifeh was built on a hill 500 meters from the shore of the Red Sea less than 12 feet above current sea level. This proves sea levels have not changed much in 3000 years. "The Jordanian site of Tell el-Kheleifeh is located approximately 500 m from the northern shore of the Gulf of ... first place, could not have been recovered by Syria (Bartlett 1989:127)." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) A. Location of Elat and ... one of the many military "watchtowers" Egypt built and were in full function at the time of the exodus of 1446 BC. "Now we must turn to the difficult problem of dating. ... (Khat-KHOR) Temple at Timmah,16 north of Eilat, has produced evidence of an Egyptian mining operation in the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age I (14th-12th centuries B.C.). ... periods, which he dated between the 10th and 5th centuries B.C. ... The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... M. DOTHAN Department of Antiquities In the later parts of 1956, an archaeological survey was carried out in the northern Sinai Peninsula, ... At the oasis and in the neighbouring region there are scattered remains of many temporary and permanent settlements, dating from the ... Fig. 1. Plan of the fortress. The vicinity of the tell is intensively cultivated, and gardens and orchards surround it on all sides. A comparison of the site today with the description in the above survey reveals that in the main the upper walls of the fortress on the tell ... last period of the fortress. The pottery dates from the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. but some comes from the 9th century, including a number of ... Among the group of vessels characteristic of the second half of Iron II (i.e. 8th-7th centuries B.C.E.), there are bowls with disc-bases (Fig. ... I, Chicago, 1939, Pl. 13 : 67. 9 0. Tufnell, Lachish HI; The Iron Age, London, 1953, Pls. 83; 149-153. Also to be noted are the lamps with ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra ... Qudeirat represented the western most point of control of the Judean kingdom under Uzzah and Josiah. Qudeirat was the "border town" between Egypt and Israel after 900 BC. 4. Archaeological reports about the excavations at Ein el-Quderat misidentified as Kadesh Barnea: a. "The earliest fortress on the site was erected seemingly on virgin soil in the 10th-9th centuries B.C.E. Its ground plan, as explained previously, has not been determined, but it evidently belonged to a wide-ranging fortress network then existing in the Central Negev. These ... Thus, these fortresses also define the southern border of Israel at the time of its greatest extent." (Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) b. "Notable among these evidences of early human habitation is a series of sites dating to the Iron Age. They invariably consist of some sort of fortress surrounding or adjacent to a small settlement. Yohanan Aharoni identified many of these sites in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm

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Shiloh Israel: Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times ... Site location: 30 km North of Jerusalem GPS: 32° 3.459'N; 35° 17.377'E click to view Map of Shiloh, Israel (Click balloon for info, move with mouse) Four Archeological time periods you can help dig! 1. Late bronze: 1399-1094 BC. The time of Joshua during the conquest. 2. Iron 1: 1200 BC. The ... a cubit of 17.5 inches. "When preparing for my talk at the Near East Archaeological Society meeting, I reviewed a lot of the publications of Manfred ... The royal cubit is known from Old Kingdom architecture dating from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser around 2,700 BCE" (The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary, Mark H. Stone, Journal of Anthropology, ... wrought, the best preserved, and the most exactly measured, of all the data that are known." (The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Field and Tuer, W. ... your prayers, you will prosper from your offices and enjoy a fine old age, if you pronounce my name and if you do for me as for one who enjoys the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index-tel-shiloh-israel-archeological-excavations-associates-for-bible-research-find-a-dig-tabernacle-of-moses-cubit-20.6-inches-1399-1094BC.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... ... an occupation of Petra of from the Early Bronze Age (Abraham: 2100 BC), Iron Age (David, Solomon, 1000 BC), Nabataeans (350 BC - 106 AD) and the Romans (106 AD - ... Since they spent 38 years at Kadesh, the tombs were where the dead Israelites were kept. c. The Nabateans found the site continued in the tradition started by the ... design." (The Water Supply of Petra, Charles R. Ortloff, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2005, 15:1:93-109) 11. The location of Petra was unknown in 1600 AD. a. ... The Edomites moved into the Petra area after centuries after the Hebrews abandoned the city. Kadesh Barnea was renamed Sela "rock": "But it is almost certain that ... of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck, 1947 AD) "A generation later, in the reign of Amaziah of Judah (c.800-783 BCE), the people of Petra took a battering once again. ... In earlier times the gulf of 'Akabah reached farther north than it does to-day [note: Schmidt is wrong about water levels. Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport? Alexander Flinder ... ... In Rivers in the Desert, published in 1959, Nelson Glueck wrote: "The whereabouts of Solomon's long-lost port of Ezion-Geber was for centuries an unfathomable mystery, because no one paid ... Thereafter, an exhaustive restudy of Glueck's excavation materials by Gary Pratico, demonstrated that the earliest occupation of the site was post-Solomonic.b Even if Glueck's identification of ... It consists of three hills. The northernmost hill takes up half the length of the island and is surmounted by a Moslem fortress dating to the 12th century A.D.; the two southern hills contain Byzantine ... The purpose of our visit was to conduct a preliminary survey of the underwater terrain around the island, which we expected to yield material of historical and archaeological interest. I had long ... Pottery found on the island by Rothenberg in 1972 and a small quantity collected by us in 1968 has been dated to Iron Age I (1200-930 B.C.) Rothenberg's excavation of the Hathor (Khat-KHOR) Temple at ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... Video: Arad Ostraca, Zedekiah, and the Edomite attack in 597 BC Steven Rudd Near Eastern Archaeological Society (NEAS) lecture November 2020 Watch video now ... Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" The story told by Ostraca #40 and 24: 1. Edomite history: At age 30, Esau moves from ... troops to Ramah-Negev because of the threat of Edomite attacks at their fortress of Kinah. Archeology has proven there were fortresses dating to around 600 BC at Arad, Kinah (Horvat Uza) and Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira). ... Al-though the names Moladah and Malatha/Moleatha are etymologically differ-ent, in light of the similarity of the topographical data and the sound of names, ... However, no eighth century letter written on a potsherd has been discovered in any site in Palestine, including Arad, after more than a century of archaeo-logical excavations. It seems that writing letters on pottery began only in the seventh century BCE. Moreover, the orthography indicates a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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The Exodus Route: The Archaeology of Mt. Lawz as Mt. Sinai ... Masyoon or Al-Jish fenced site: 28.631767° 35.379587°, 1422 m k. Mysterious, top secret, unknown, fenced site: 28.621000° 35.395662°, 1460 m (Unicorn ... Realistically, there is little chance that any of the tombs date to the Late Bronze age time of Moses. The Hebrews were ordered to stay away from the mountain ... Scripture does not say that Moses inscribed the names on each of the twelve standing stones. e. Archaeological: Elijah's Cave: 1 Ki 19:8-9, 866 BC: (28.588139° 35.373047°) Mt. Maqla does have a cave at an elevation of 1860 meters that might be "Elijah's cave" but many mountains have caves. If excavations found Iron II pottery dating to the time of ... The geological history and data fully explain the presence and character of the dark rock on the heights of Jabal al-Maqla, which precludes the need to ... In simple words, the official top plan found walls, not doors because the doors were bricked in centuries later during secondary use long after Israel left Mt. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-mt-sinai.htm

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Unreliability of Radiometric Dating and Old Age of the Earth ... F. Johnson, *J.R. Arnold, and *R.F. Flint, "Radiocarbon Dating," in Science, February 8, 1957, p. 240. This is significant because it is known that neutrinos ... Gentry's radiohaloes in coalified wood Here is some more material from my web site bearing on the question of the age of the geologic column: It is also of ... In his book on prehistoric America, Ceram notes a classic case of the difficulties that befall C14 dating. Bones 30,000 years old were found lying above wood ... Eleven samples were dated from the various strata and showed a 6000-year spread from oldest to most recent. Analysis of all the archaeological evidence, ... an age measured in thousands of years - not millions. Data produced by the Petroleum Institute at Victoria, New Zealand, showed that petroleum deposits were formed 6,000-7,000 years ago. Textbooks state that petroleum formation took place about 300,000,000 years ago (Velikovsky, 1955, p.287; CRSQ , 1965, 2:4, p.10). Fossil wood was found in an iron mine in ... ... https://www.bible.ca/tracks/dating-radiometric.htm

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They are digging up Bible stories! Start Page both bronze and Iron at the same time, thousands of years before the "Iron Age": "Tubal-cain was the forger of all implements of bronze and iron." (Genesis 4:22). ... The Bible says the earth is about 7500 years old. The scientific data supports a young earth. Keep in mind that when you read about archeological ages that date ... We know from the Bible that all of these "archeological ages" are in error, because the world was created at the same time as the "Pottery Neolithic" age began. The ... (1991) whose influential book included a frontal attack from an archaeological standpoint on the very concept of the United Monarchy of ancient Israel. ... Evaluation of these points of reference negates Finkelstein's LC (low chronology). (The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating, Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Higham, Amihai Mazar, 2005, p16, ... We invite your input, suggestions, criticisms, corrections etc. The materials on this site are free, but do not place them on your own website, use links. You can ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-start-here.htm

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