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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... Glueck discerned five major occupational periods, which he dated between the 10th and 5th centuries B.C. The biblical site provided the historical and cultural context for interpretation of Tell el- Kheleifeh's archaeological data. The results of Glueck's three seasons have not been technically published. This study reappraises his excavations with special attention to the site's stratigraphy, architecture, and pottery traditions. The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress and ... THE SITE The excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east- west (fig. 4). The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. The highest point of the tell was southeast of its ... Mesad Hashavyahu (second half of the 7th to the end of the 6th century B.C.), Tel Masos (post-I; 7th century B.C.), Beth-Shemesh IIC, Arc:1'er III-II, Hazor Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... they identified the pottery as "Syrian" in type, concluding from this that the fortresses had not been Egyptian outposts (1914-15: 27-28). ... Research on the fortresses resumed in the late 1950's and 60's. Extensive archaeological surveys, directed chiefly by Nelson Glueck ... existed in the Central Negev. These fortresses consisted of a casemate wall around an inner courtyard but apart from this there was ... with projecting towers, including those of Kadesh-barnea, Uza, and Tel Arad; (2) rectangular fortresses without towers, including those of ... Nahal Lacana, and Yotvata; (4) fortresses surrounded by a polygonal wall, including the fortress above En-gedi, and the one at Har Hesron (Aharoni 1967: 2-11). ... Fig. 1. Map showing principal Iron forts in the Central Negev. A branch of this highway, turning south in the area of Avdat, continues ... The author also conducted four seasons of excavations between 1976-78 at the important fortress site of Tel Kadesh-barnea (Tell 'Ain ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD The fortress's inset-offset walls peak through at the perimeter of the excavated area. The wall system connects three towers in the ... yet unidentified goddess was part of an assemblage of about five hundred complete or fragmentary figurines and reliefs gathered at the site. ... Alongside this collection was a stone bowl placed on a stone stand; in the bowl was a pottery bowl that con-tained a clay lamp. Nearby was a ... There was a struc-ture attached to the 18 m western wall. The structure (9x4 m), a bastion or rooms related to the outer gate, contained two adjacent chambers. In addition to its resemblance to the fortress-gate at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:9,13-14, fig. 1; Pratico 1985; 1986), this fortress-gate is also very similar to—although better preserved than—the gatehouse uncovered at Tel Jezreel (Ussishkin and Woodhead 1994:13-24) ... No floors were found and, like the casemate-rooms, the storerooms were filled with earth. A long parallel corri-dor (ca. 3.5 m in width, its ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... ... dates come from industrial deposits that lack cultural material such as pottery, scarabs, ground stone, casting molds, and so on. ... After clearing much of the collapse from the gate house, it was clear that we had found a typical Four-Chamber Iron Age Gate (Fig. ... Consequently, the date GrA-25320 (calBc 895-825) for Stratum A4 is too late for the basal layer at the site and conies from the ... than the major Iron II settlement sites such as Megiddo IVA, Tel Dan, and Beersheva V, but on par with Beersheva III, Ashdod 10, ... The closest parallel to the KEN gate and fortress complex is the one excavated by Glueck (Glueck 1938, 1939b, 1940b) at Tell el-Kheleifeh near Aqaba on the Red Sea which he dated to the 10th (Period I), 9th (Period ... As seen on the plan in Figure 10.7, both the western and eastern ends of the passage were closed in Stratum A2b with a stone wall. ... The southern casemate room in the western side of the Upper Fortress yielded five complete storage jars in a thick ash layer. One ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... in Cohen's comprehensive study, Tel Beersheba and Tel Arad are beyond the limits of the accompanying map (Cohen ... For example, the fortress at Horvat Rahba, which is some 75 m. in length, is included in the same group as Horvat Haluqim, ... Cohen's second type is no less problematic, since Mesad Hatira and Horvat Ramat Boger (1980: fig. 5:2, 4) can hardly be ... whether they were adapted to the contours of the site or whether they gave the appearance of having been preplanned according to a standard model (Meshel 1979: 17). The pottery from these structures consists of two types: ... While the small forts are surrounded by two parallel walls forming typical casemates, this clear-cut casemate arrangement is ... Here it is clear that the remains do not belong to an independent casemate wall. Instead, what we have is a series of ... fortress," Cohen 1981: 107), and Tell el-Kheleifeh Period I (Glueck 1965: 71-82), all of which we believe are dated to Solomon's reign. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... which lies on the main road leading through the oasis." (The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, M Dothan, 1965) C. Chronological History ... correspondence with Biblical geography makes this the most likely candidate; no other site offers a convincing alternative. ... ... They made many mistakes typical of the science of archeology of the time. For example, at Tell el-Kheleifeh (ancient Elat) "Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; he did not realize ... in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) Click to View Tel Qudeirat in 1905 before any excavation: Schmidt: Click to View ... Kadesh-barnea (Grid Reference 0949 X 0064) is located on Tell 'Ain, at the most important desert juncture in this region (fig. 9). ... The latest fortress is a rectangular structure (ca. 60 X 41 m.), consisting of casemate walls around a central courtyard (fig. ... By contrast, the tower in the middle of the fortress' eastern wall projects ca. 3.50 m. from the casemate line and is ca. 7.50 m. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... be interpreted along the lines of Dothan's conclusions rather than Cohen's, taking into account, of course, the newly excavated data. ... Fortresses with casemate walls were built in Palestine from the 11th century to the 7th century B.C.E. From the ceramic finds, it is ... but he recognized both pre- and post fortress settlement periods on the site. The pre fortress findings consisted of crude handmade pottery-mainly bowls, deep pots, and hole-mouth jars. ... Rudolph Cohen gives an excellent summary of the era: "As noted above, Glueck and Aharoni believed that the fortresses had been ... the Way of the Spies, the Way of the Hill Country of the Amorites, and the Way of the Red Sea (Meshel 1974: fig. 17; 1981: fig. 1). ... the Israelites and the population of the "city of Amalek" (Tel Masos), eventually resulting in the campaign of Saul against the ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, and it ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... S. Ben-Arie registered the finds of the expedition. 2 L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence, The Wilderness of Zin, PEFA 3,1914-4915, pp. 62-71. Fig. 1. Plan ... and the chronology of the site. To this end the outline of the upper faces of the walls was excavated; near the northeastern tower, excavations were carried down to virgin soil; the interior of the central tower on the western side was examined; several walls and floors were dis-covered within the casemate wall and the fortress; and a part of the glacis on the northern side was laid bare. ... Above this floor, vessels were found intact among the rubble, which was often 1.5 m thick (Pl. 28, B) . Among the debris were pottery and stone ... N. Glueck as a 'crucible'. Glueck identified the vessels found at Kadesh-barnea with those unearthed in the lowest level at Etzion-geber. Vessels of ... It is not a usual type in this country; parallels can be found, however, mainly at Tel en-Nasbeh, Lachish and Megiddo 8. At these sites the store-jars ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... of the area conducted by the American rabbi-archaeologist Nelson Glueck and, later, by one of Israel's leading archaeologists, Yohanan ... We now know of 11 oval fortresses. Let me describe in more detail one of these, which I excavated in the spring of 1983. We call it Mesudat Nahal Aqrav. The first word means "fortress" in Hebrew. Aqrav, as I shall call it here, is surrounded by a casemate wall, which is a wall formed by two parallel ... Amid the ashes were the smashed remains of wheel-made pottery (that, as we shall see, enabled us to date the fortress), as well as some ... hearth."9 This pottery was "rediscovered" by Glueck in his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh (identified by him with Biblical Ezion-Geber). ... of the Central Negev fortresses, in the Beer-Sheva Basin (Tel Beer-Sheva, level VII; Tel Masos, level I; and Tel Esdar, levels II-III). ... The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to the site still bearing that name. Identifying the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... Hebrew Union College — Jewish Institute of Religion Years ago, President Glueck wrote three articles on Ezion-geber: ... the surface of Tell el-Kheleifeh, it was seen that the pottery remains dated from the 10th to the 5th-4th centuries B.C. ... fortress may yet be found, and its existence would comport with the general practice of the early Iron age of building fortifications on defensible hilltops dominating strategic points. At the present time, however, the mound of Tell el-Kheleifeh is the only site ... The site can, however, easily be bypassed. Its position is not a commanding one. Fig. 2. The low mound of Tell ... or air entering through the apertures in the outer north wall could be felt emerging at the outer ends of the apertures ... See BASOR, 79 (Oct., 1940), 9-10 and fig. 4 for the type of "mastabah" grave excavated at Tell el-Kheleifeh. of the middle ... Fig. 7. Isometric view of period I fortified storehouse and glacis surrounded by casemate wall with salients and recesses, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport? Alexander Flinder ... ... Glueck dated this refinery at Tell el-Kheleifeh to the time of King Solomon. Glueck also pointed to what he thought was copper slag at the site and extensive sulfuric ... were at their very strongest, thus furnishing the best draft for the furnace. Glueck dated the pottery he found at the site to King Solomon's time (tenth century B.C.). He also found a casemate wall (two parallel walls with intermittent cross-walls called casemates that create, in ... in the Western Arabah" in the Palestine Exploration Quarterly.6 Under the auspices of Tel Aviv University, Rothenberg had carried out his own surveys and excavations in the ... The northernmost hill takes up half the length of the island and is surmounted by a Moslem fortress dating to the 12th century A.D.; the two southern hills contain Byzantine ... there. (Unfortunately, Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; he did not realize this common wheel-made pottery was far more reliable for dating ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... ... the history of the island was put forward: the earliest remains at the site, which consist of the case-mate wall, the harbour wall and dwellings in Area H, and remains of a landing pier on the mainland opposite, date to the Early Iron Age I prior to the ... It was first thought by Glueck to be a diagnostic horizon of the 10th century B.C. Recent surveys and excavations have significantly refined the chronology and distribution of this pottery. It is surely attested throughout the Iron Age and perhaps even ... A few "Negevite" vessels have been excavated at the Jordanian site of Buseirah (Bennett 1975: fig. 6:8, 12). (Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal, Gary D. Pratico, 1985 AD) At Tell el-Kheleifeh this handmade pottery is attested in both casemate fortress and fortified settlement levels. There is a fairly wide range of types, although straight-walled and holemouth cooking pots predominate. (Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal, Gary D. Pratico, 1985 AD) ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... ... Today, most scholars accept the identification of Kadesh-barnea with Tel el-Qudeirat, especially since Woolley and ... Particularly noteworthy in this regard are Glueck (1934), de Vaux (1937), and Aharoni (1956). Excavations at Tell Kadesh-barnea In 1956, Dothan conducted excavations at the site, and was able to clarify many details connected ... He also distinguished a phase, preceding the erection of the fortress, which he associated with the so-called "Negebite" pottery - crude, handmade vessels characteristic of the ... On the ash-covered floors of the casemate rooms was a rich assemblage of pottery which could be classified into two ... The fortress was entirely surrounded by an earthen glagis that rested against a buttress wall, built to the height of ... the water system, a structure consisting of a number of rooms attached to the southern casemate rooms was excavated. ... site, it was subsequently discussed by Glueck (in connection with his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh) and Aharoni. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... had just excavated, the pre-fortress hand-made pottery at Kadesh Barnea was somewhat different. The shapes seemed more or less the same as those from the central Negev corpus; but the texture and general feeling was somehow not quite the same. Cohen wanted to see if this pre-fortress pottery really ... Fig. 2. Silo found outside the fortress walls at the southeast corner. 1976 Excavations The 1976 excavations at Kadesh Barnea were carried out along the eastern end of the tell, where fifteen squares (5m. x 5m.) were laid out from north to south. This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the fortress, ... Cohen also chose the eastern portion of the site because the courtyard area at this point is much higher than at the western end, evidently signaling a ... Nelson Glueck, after first discovering this pottery at Tell el-Kheleifeh, identified it as the handiwork of the semi-sedentary inhabitants of the Negev, the Kenites, Rechabites, Calebites, and Yerahmeelites.8 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... Beginning in 1993, large scale 204 Biblical Archaeologist 57:4 (1994) excavations at the site have been direct-ed by the author and Y. Yisrael, on be-half of the ... Traveling south from cEn tlawva the road followed the Arabah Valley to Yot-vata where Z. Meshel excavated a for-tress similar in plan and size (ca. 40 x 40 m). ... The square south-eastern tower, completely uncovered, measures 11 x 11 m. Its outer walls reach approximately 1.5 m in width. Pottery retrieved from the floor ... wall, like the fortresses at Tel 'Arad (Strata VII-IX) (Aharoni 1981:6-7), Tell el-Kheleifeh (Strata II-IV; Glueck 1939; Pratico 1985), and Horvat Toy (Cohen 1985; 1988/89a); and the fortress with projecting towers, like the middle and upper fortresses at Tel Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981; 1983a) and the fot tiess at Horvat Uzza (Beit-Arieh 1986), which is rectangular. It should be noted that the 'En Haseva fortress in this stratum was surrounded by both a solid outer wall and a row of casemate rooms. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... Some of the casemate rooms were extremely rich in finds. One, in the eastern side, yielded a wealth of wheel-made pottery from the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E., several handmade ... Thus, it might be compared to the stone-paved sanctuary excavated at Arad, which also was situated in the northwestern part of the fortress (Aharoni 1963: 247-49). Another interesting interior structure was uncovered adjoining the southern casemate wall. Here was found a curving wall (the only curving wall on the site), and although this section, unfortunately, was not exposed completely, it is possible that this wall belongs to ... This pottery was "rediscovered" by N. Glueck in his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh (identified by him with biblical Ezion-geber). Here he found "large quantities of crude handmade, friable, smoke-blackened pots, ... Israel Exploration Journal 8: 26-38. 1973 Beer-sheba I: Excavations at Beer- sheba, 1969-1971. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology. Aharoni, Y., et al. 1960 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ... Timna Valley is a discontinuous sedimentary formation from Fig. 15 10-30 m. high, interrupted by red Nubian sandstone ... Several small human figures, with outspread hands and fingers, and a schematic 'tree-of-life' also appear on this wall. Many ... As only Site 2 was excavated it is impossible at present to establish detailed chronological data for these camps, apart from the fact that the pottery found on all of them indicates a Ramesside date as the general period for their operation. It ... BEER ORA; 033 W.AMRAM CF ) /-* c. ‹ ADD SINAI x EL AT X it RED SEA •TELL-El-KHELEIFEH AQABA MIC IAN 3 15 Ramesside and Late ... However, examination of the bones by Dr N. Haas of Tel Aviv University showed that, in fact, 'there were skeletal remains of ... These settlements 180 The Hathor Temple and its Implications and the casemate fortlets attached were generally identified as ... Prior to this some sherds of this ware had been found by N. Glueck during his survey of the eastern Arabah and Edom and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... ... for a linkage between the Iron Age archaeological evidence at Tel Rehov, historical Egyptian events and Biblical texts during the ... fuel resource studies (Engel 1993, 1996) and Volkmar Fritz excavated one building at the site (Fritz 1996). Khirbat en-Nahas is unusually rich in archaeological remains visible on the site surface including fortifications, towers, buildings, ... Based on surface observations and pottery, Glueck long ago (1940) suggested that the fortress at Khirbat en-Nahas dated to the beginning of the Iron II period (tenth century BC). Later ... Stratum A3 represents the original stage of the fortified wall perimeter, including the gate structure. Due to the intensive industrial ... probably for industrial use, by the corner between the southern wall of the gateway complex (W7) and the western casemate wall. ... including the known desert forts in the Araba/Arava region, such as Hatzeva (Cohen & Yisrael 1995) and Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1965) . ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... AD 2022: Multi-spectral scanning project of plaster excavated by Adam Zertal: 1. Scripture said Joshua's altar was plastered, and the ten ... template upon which they laid out their altar. Furthermore, the pottery fragments found within the two stages are virtually indistinguishable. ... It is located east of modern Nabulus between Shechem (Tel Balata) and Sychar at the foot of Mt. Ebal. It had come under attack and the Israeli ... It was immediately declared a Muslim holy site. I was extremely fortunate and privileged to be one of the first to visit Joshua's Altar in AD 2004, although the army did cut short my visit for "security reasons". I also assisted in reconstruction of the outer temenos wall of the ... Others disagree with the cultic identification, suggesting that its central stone installation was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress ... and 1000 m. northeast of Mount Ebal's peak (940 m. above sea-level), which rises to the north of the valley of Shechem (Fig. 1; P1. 5:1). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... A number of figurines were found in and near the temple (Negbi 1976: 122-23), and fragmentary remains of domestic architecture were excavated ... THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE 14 Similarly, a cultic offering deposit was found at Tel Dan (Ilan 1992a: 263). The figurines at both these sites may ... Animal bones and pottery were also found (Gophna and Beck 1981: 53-54, fig. 1 [site #7]). Kfar Shemaryahu Kfar Shemaryahu is located several kilometers inland from the Mediterranean coast, within the territory of Aphek on the Sharon Plain (Gophna and Beck 1981: fig. 1 [site #18]). A ... Tell el-Hayyat Tell el-Hayyat, a half-hectare site in the eastern Jordan Valley, was occupied from the EB IV (Phase 6) through the late MB IIC ... created by projecting piers, was expanded and developed over the years as it attained the plan of a typical migdal or fortress temple. ... The Tell el-Hayyat temple was enlarged in the MB IIC period and a large niche was set into its rear wall. Some part of the plastered façade ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... because it is nonexistent, not because it is still hidden in the ground." (Jerusalem in Bible And Archeology, David Ussishkin, Tel Aviv University, 2003, p.112). ... R. Cohen; Fig. 4 was prepared by 0. Paran. I am indebted to all of them. Stratigraphy Following his soundings in 1956, Dothan reached four conclusions relevant to our study. Three periods of settlement can be discerned at the site: a settlement which existed 'before the construction of the ... Only a single rectangular fortress was erected here, surrounded by a casemate wall, which 'occupied the entire site'. A glacis laid against the wall surrounds the site on three sides, except for the south, where the ... the rectangular fortress should be interpreted along the lines of Dothan's conclusions rather than Cohen's, taking into account, of course, the newly excavated data. ... the fact that the granaries contained wheel-made pottery characteristic of the eighth-seventh centuries B.C.E.13 This stratigraphic conclusion cannot be accepted. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... ... It was first thought by Glueck to be a diagnostic horizon of the 10th century B.C. Recent surveys and excavations have significantly refined the chronology and distribution of this pottery. It is surely attested throughout the Iron Age and perhaps even earlier and later (Rothenberg 1972: 153-54; Cohen 1981: 102). These wares have been found at numerous Iron Age sites, especially the fortresses and fortified settlements of the Negev. They include Horvat Haluqim (Cohen 1976: 34-50), 'Atar Haroca (Cohen 1970: 6-24), Horvat Ritma (Meshel 1977: 110-35), Tell el-Qudeirat (Cohen 1981: 98-103) and numerous lesser known sites (most accessible in Cohen 1979: 75-77). A few "Negevite" vessels have been excavated at the Jordanian site of Buseirah (Bennett 1975: fig. 6:8, 12). (Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal, Gary D. Pratico, 1985 AD) At Tell el-Kheleifeh this handmade pottery is attested in both casemate fortress and fortified settlement levels. There is a fairly wide range of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 294. (May, 1994), pp. 39-67. Zeev Meshel Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel (The "Aharoni ... To obtain more detailed information, particularly because the site was in danger of damage, we carried out exploratory excavations there in 1981.2 Two phases of occupation were ... The general plan of the fortress (figure 5) shows quite clearly that it was not completely enclosed by casemates but rather was partly enclosed by a Fig. 3. An aerial view of the fortress. Looking north. single wall. Attached were several casemate rooms, some with inner ... Its width is ca. 0.50 m, the width of the row of stones comprising it. Only the eastern third of the room has been excavated. A thin layer of ashes overlying the fill represents the ... Not one complete or even restorable vessel was found. As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the pottery was of two types: ordinary, wheel-made pottery, characteristic of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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'Edomite', `Negbite' And 'Midianite' Pottery From The Negev Desert ... ... Figure 1 Location map me the sites in the Neget. and Jordan pertinent to this study. This pottery was first found at Tell el-Kheleifeh, near Aqaba in Jordan, by N. Glueck in 1934 who called it Edomite' (Glueck 1967. fig. 2) and who dated it to the e. thirteenth to ... The Qadesh Barnea fortress has three complexes corresponding to phases spanning about 300 years; they are called the upper, middle and lower fortress. `Edomite' pottery has only been found within ... The quantity of painted `Edomite' pottery at the remaining sites of the Negev does not exceed 0.1% of the total amount of excavated pottery fragments, whereas at Qadesh Barnea it ... a set of pottery wasters from Israel's Negev (Beer Sheba) and Petra in Jordan (Gunneweg et al. forthcoming) so that a match of pottery with these wasters would be site-specific. ... Q24) was established by the chemical composition of a Hellenistic kiln waster found at Tel Beer Sheba (see Table 4, columns 1 and 2). The Beer Sheba waster was also chemically ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm

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The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ... Nelson Glueck, 1940 AD) ELL EL-KHELEIFEH NELSON GLUECK The third season's campaign of excavations at Tell ... wherever a later age found a good wall of a previous one, it frequently built other walls against it to form a new room. ... In certain parts of Tell el-Kheleifeh, walls of successive periods were built on respectively higher levels. The idea ... A considerable portion of the rooms on the north side of the mound, which had been excavated during the first two campaigns, ... number of soldiers to control them and guard the site. As has already been seen from previous reports, in addition to being the " Pitts-burgh of Palestine," Ezion-geber : Elath was also a strong fortress, guarding the crossroads by land and sea ... Fig. 2. A section of the outer fortifications with an offset in the city wall and the glacis which was built against it. On ... stone stopper,. and further sealed with a clay covering; over which a large, curved fragment of pottery had been placed. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm

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Timna ... Also, the fortress at Elat/Kheleifeh would better serve to protect Timna. Click to View The entire modern Sinai Peninsula right over to the Wadi el-Arish down to and including ... It would be unreasonable to doubt that Midianites actually worked and worshipped in Timna. There was no Midianite pottery in the earliest, initial phase of the ... by a strong wall, and the other sites of Timna which had no defensive wall. Whereas at Site 30 no Midianite ware was found (but there was an early stage of metallurgy, ... Prior to this some sherds of this ware had been found by N. Glueck during his survey of the eastern Arabah and Edom and called 'Edomite' ware. In 1935 Glueck ... relationship to several building and repair phases, as established in most excavated areas of Site 2, together with a minute stratigraphic recording of all ... These settlements and the casemate fortlets attached were generally identified as `Israelite settlements' because Iron Age pottery was found amongst the ruins, ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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Transjordan Early Edom And Moab 1900 BC ... One should note that the cartouche on the bulla (Worschech 1990:87f., fig.26a, p1.10:1) has been misread: it is not Menkare, but Djoserkare, the ... One of the main aims of the excavation was to obtain a group of stratified pottery from Edom. Bennett excavated c. 700 m.2, less than one-third of ... BC? Umm el-Biyara does not provide the answers, since it is essentially a one-period site and no stratified sequence of pottery was recovered. ... Tawilan: Glueck's original survey of Tawilan had concluded that it was a very important Edomite site, dating from the 13th to 6th centuries BC (Glueck 1934:13-14; 1935:82-83). Glueck's Tawilan comprised a possible outer wall, and a 'conjectural' inner wall, terminating ... Lindner and Farajat 1987)? Umm el-Ala: an Edomite fortress south of Petra It was by pure chance that after Baja III another Iron II (Edomite) site ... groups are well represented at both es-Sadeh and Buseirah: Typologically similar pieces are also attested in the finds from Tell el-Kheleifeh. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomites-early-edom-and-moab-piotr-bienkowski-1992ad.htm

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Historical search for Kadesh Barnea from 1000 BC - Present ... to the east of Eboda; so do the projecting ranges of the western wall of the Azazimat keep out of sight an extended desert plain, which runs ... A carpet of grass covered the ground. Fig trees, laden with fruit nearly ripe enough for eating, were along the shelter of the southern hillside. ... of water and its correspondence with Biblical geography makes this the most likely candidate; no other site offers a convincing alternative. ... ... For example, at Tell el-Kheleifeh (ancient Elat) "Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; he did not realize this common wheel-made pottery was far more reliable for dating purposes than the handmade pottery he saved.)" (Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport?, Alexander Flinder, 1989 AD) This was 25 years after Woolley and Lawrence excavated at Qudeirat. Who knows what errors they ... In the former sense it might be used of such hut-settlements as those of Muweilleh and Kossaima; but would most temptingly apply to the fortress ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-historical-search.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... ... Different social groups are known to have lived together and to use the same pottery, though their script and language remained separate ... structurally by defenses, e.g., Hadrian's wall in Britain or the Great Wall in China; for a Sassanian border wall see Trinkaus 1984: 43). ... This site is explained as a Judaean fort of Josiah (Naveh 1962; Reich 1989), leading to the conclusion that Josiah controlled access to ... A mar-ginal zone remains, where the affiliation of sites such as Tel Erani or Tel Burnah is open to discussion (cf. fig. 1). The concept of the heartland of Judah is far from ... properly, biases resulting from different methods of excavation and differences in wealth between sites and excavated areas within sites. ... I: figs. 26:3); 6. Achziv (EAEHL 1:29, lower right); 7. Khirbet el-Medeineh (Glueck 1934: fig. 7); 8. Tacanakh (Sellin 1904: fig. 47). ... Israelite Religion: Es-says in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, eds. P. D. Miller, P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride. Phil-adelphia: Fortress. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... routes, its abundance of water and its correspondence with Biblical geography makes this the most likely candidate; no other site offers a convincing alternative. ... The tell was resurveyed several times since Woolley and Lawrence studied it—by Nelson Glueck, by Roland de Vaux, and by Yohanan Aharoni. In 1956, the first ... Youngest of three fortresses: 700 BC (top layer, first excavated) The uppermost, and therefore latest, fortress at Kadesh-Barnea is rectangular, about 200 feet long and 135 feet wide. The walls of this fortress consist of casemates, that is, a double wall with irregularly placed cross-walls which form rooms for storage or living. These rooms are between ... The fortress interior was densely built up. Parallel to the casemate walls on all four sides was a row of rooms, enclosing a central courtyard. Except for a small area paved with stone, the floors were of beaten earth. On the floor of this fortress we found many complete pottery vessels, both wheel-made ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... ... A. Date of the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud: 950 BC or 830-775 BC 1. Archeologist Cohen, who excavated Qudeirat dated Kuntillet Ajrud to the ... Secondary use of a fortress structure build by Solomon at the end of the 8th century BC is still a possibility. 2. One of the problems in the dating, is that those who date the site later are known reductionists, ie they view the monarchy of David and Solomon as a myth. a. It is important to keep this in mind because future excavations and further examinations of the pottery by biblical conservative archeologists may one ... However, the period of Joash king of Israel (ca. 801-786 B.C.E.), who captured Amaziah king of Judah, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and ... Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls typical of these fortresses, and its remains are ... See Fig. KUN.01. The top of the hill is a long and narrow plateau, and the actual ruins are found at its W end. At the foot of the hill there ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ... ... In this chapter, 13 reliable radiometric determinations from three Neolithic sites (Ashkelon, Sha'ar Hagolan, and Tel 'Ali) are presented. This is a significant ... Clearly, Neolithic settlements existed contemporaneously with Early bronze Age Settlements. g. The sophisticated, high quality pottery that has been excavated in ... If a site has no pottery, they automatically date it back to before they believe pottery was first used the world over! This then becomes the date they supply the carbon dating ... This kind of layout of the wall grid at the beginning of the work on the terrace shows that in addition to planning height and extension the idea to use these ... Each of the 3 large rooms were surrounded by a network of small ~1x1 meter "casemate-like" storage rooms with 3 meter high walls. Each of these tiny rooms had two ... These "windows" were the interior connections between adjacent rooms. In contrast to doors, large limestone slabs were used as lintels (Fig. 6 and Plate 61.A) as ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm

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King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ... Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is ... some kind of water purification or libation rituals." (The Remarkable Discoveries at Tel Dan, John C. H. Laughlin, BAR 07:05, 1981) "The Bamah or High Place: In 1968 a large ... Subsequent excavations led us to the conclusion that we have here a bamah, or High Place, possibly an open air sanctuary. In the center of the excavated area an almost square ... On the southern edge of the bamah, facing the town, a monumental flight of steps eight meters, or twenty-seven feet, wide was uncovered, built directly against the outer wall of the bamah (Fig. 13 ); this stairway is in part superimposed over the earlier masonry. Pottery ... David Ilan, Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology) There is an unbroken continuation of pottery etc right across the period of 1340 BC when the Danites conquered Laish: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm

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Ein El Qedeis: "Piltdown Kadesh" Kadesh Barnea: 1881 - 1916 AD ... southern border line of the Promised Land, in the natural barrier of the Smooth Mountain (Mount Halak), as they stood on that wall-rampart, at the westward of Jebel Madurah, has already been cited. ... Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz D. The shape of all the fortresses: Click ... 1034 X 0002) was erected on a flat hill commanding the plainland between Wadi Qudeis and Wadi Qudeirat, some 3 km. south of the spring of 'Ain Qudeis (fig. 2). The site was surveyed in 1957 by Aharoni (1967: 8), and excavations were carried out in 1976 by the author (1977b: 71). The diameter of the fortress is ca. 50 m., and the gate and five out of 20 casemate rooms were uncovered (fig. 3: 1). ... This passageway was found blocked by stones. (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) E. Negev pottery found at Ein Qedeis: More on Negev Pottery. The remains of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-qedeis.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... ... of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck, 1947 AD) "A generation later, in the reign of Amaziah of Judah (c.800-783 BCE), the people of Petra took a battering once again. ... The Madaba Map using Jerome's spelling has located properly Mampsis. Many Nabatean, Roman-Byzantine levels excavated at Kuroub. It shows a revival in the fourth ... In earlier times the gulf of 'Akabah reached farther north than it does to-day [note: Schmidt is wrong about water levels. Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell el-kheleifeh was built on a hill ... "The metropolis of the Nabataeans is Petra, as it is called; for it lies on a site which is otherwise smooth and level, but it is fortified all round by a rock, ... at Petra. "Flash floods: It rarely rains in Petra, but occasionally rain up to thirty miles away can send a wall of water hurtling through the Siq gorge. ... G. Pottery of Nabatean Petra: "Conclusions: 5.1 Pottery manufacture in Petra: 1. The samples in G XV, the sample group local to Petra (in section 4.7), span a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... ... We can be certain of only the locations of Goshen (tel El-Dab'a), Ezion-Geber, Dibon, Mt. Nebo and Shittim (Tel el-Hamman) and the wilderness of Shur (Midian) in ... See details: Sinai Moses Inscription 361". b. Sinai inscriptions #115, 345, 349, 353, 357, 360, 361, 275a, were all excavated by Flinders Petrie at Serabit ... Etham may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "Etham is simply Egyptian for Hebrew Shur, both ... Chariots were built 100% of wood and floated hundreds of kilometers from the Red Sea crossing site. KEY#4 The Ignored second Red Sea camp The body of water that is ... Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell el-kheleifeh was built on a hill 500 meters from the shore of the Red Sea less than 12 feet above current sea level. This proves ... During his reign the kingdom reached its highest point, both economically and in its architecture, sculpture, painting and pottery. Except for the dispatch by ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd ... Titus even condemned the Jews inside the city as savage beasts for hypocritically defiling the temple by turning it into a military fortress and filling it with 8,500 of dead bodies and ... of the Old City walls (Kloner 2001: 137-38; and see fig. 1).2 Four deep trenches were excavated in an area of 10.5 x 8 m, revealing a thick accumulation of bones scattered above bedrock. ... contained the bones.3 Anthropological examination conducted on a sample of the bones suggested that the corpses or the bones were brought to the site from other places and hastily thrown here.4 The pottery and coins found point to the sixth or seventh century as the date of entombment. f. A similar thick concentration of bones was found in an ancient cistern to the south of Jaffa Gate, outside the Old City wall (see fig. 1). ... After the destruction of Shiloh, Nob is where the tabernacle tent had stood for 76 years from 1094 to 1018 BC. i. David fled Saul from his palace at Gibeah (Tel el-Ful) to Nob (Mount of ... ... https://www.bible.ca/revelation/

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... The "as cent " enters " the gorge of "SVady el-Yemen ; and following it up for a time, then elimbs the wall of rock by a steep and difficult ... Hist, of East, I., 23 If. * See page 83 f., supra. IN THE APOCRYPHA. 165 not to be supposed that there was any fortress at Kadesh-barnea to be ... the Hebrew (Dp~0 seems to be pierced, that is perhaps, excavated/ an appro priate name for Petra, and for the city mentioned by Abu l Feda." ... ; for, above us, we found twelve great walled ancient cisterns, round about which were lying many broken pieces of pottery, and ashes . . . ... BEGINNINGS OF FULLER RESEARCH. 193 as the site of Kadesh-barnea. He says of it : l " We came into a place which in the Arabic tongue is ... A carpet of grass covered the ground. Fig trees, laden with fruit nearly ripe enough for eating, were along the shelter of the southern ... of Egypt, I., 237 /. 2 The Arabic " Tell " corresponding with the Hebrew, Tel I 7fU means " a mound, 1 "a heap/ especially a heap of ruins. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ... Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: Khirbat en-Nahas (KEN) ... It is entirely predicable that the Edomites were mining at Khirbat en-Nahas just before the time of David. This would be the best explanation for the occupation layer that preexisted the fortress Solomon built at the site. David and Solomon captured and controlled the transjordan territory of Edom about 1000 BC. All this fits nicely with what Thomas Levy excavated at KEN. ... We note that in both published works by Levy on Khirbat en-Nahas, they have not uncovered anything that specifically ties the site to the Edomites. The pottery they recovered is typical of all the border ... These dates do bring the Iron Age archaeology of Edom back, to a certain degree, to historical questions raised long ago by Nelson Glueck (1940) concerning the Iron I and Iron Ila. While lack of space ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm

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Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... The ambivalence of archeologists to use this crude ancient hand made pottery in establishing a specific date, like wheel made pottery, does not change the fact that if the site was built by Solomon, ... B. "Negevite" ware pottery found: More on Negev Pottery. "Diggers retrieved a complete handmade Negbite cooking-pot, made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981;1983a), ... D. History of En Haseva built by Solomon: "Stratum 6: Credit for the initial construction of the fortress at 'En Haseva (Stratum 6) must go to Solomon. Accepting the identification of En Haseva with ... Perhaps the site should be regarded as a small administrative city, like the Judean fortified city of Tel Beersheba, rather than a large fortress. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca introduction: Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, Nico ... ... The new citadel stood only about a decade. In 597, while Nebuchadnezzar's army was invading Judah from the north, the fortress was captured and destroyed again, apparently by raiders from Edom. The excavators ... A man seeks asylum in the temple of Solomon. (Arad #18) d. A short list of army commanders from Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira #1) I. Overview of archeological excavation and analysis: Excavation report: Aharoni, Y., ... The "Dipping" Archeological Method: Dipping is where you take freshly excavated pottery sherds and simply dip them in water to look for possible inscriptions before they are cleaned with a brush. "I was excavating a ... The outstanding innovation here is the addition of an interior wall parallel to the whole southern wall of the fortress. Thus the living quarters located here were truncated and their southern portions became small casemate rooms. In one of these rooms. near the eastern corner (Locus 779), the seals of Eliashib were found. Stratum VI (end of the seventh, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-Arad-18-24-40-88-letters-refugee-temple-YHWH-edomite-threat-troops-edom-Ramah-Negev-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Neco-II-Egypt-Jehoiakim-Zedekiah-Judah-608-597bc.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor ... C. Recent Excavations 1. Structural and Pottery Remains. The site contains two structures: a main structure (A) spanning the width of the W end of the plateau; and a secondary structure (B) 10 meters to its E. The structures differ greatly from one another in the state of their preservation. See Fig. KUN.02. a. The Western Structure. The walls of ... Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls typical of these fortresses, and its remains are unusual for a fortress and suggest a different type of function altogether. Structure A was entered through a small exterior ... This "bench room" (locus 6) extends N-S across the entire width of the building and apparently was the most important part of the site. The plastered stone benches take up most of the ... At a height of about 1.2 m a middle layer of (mostly tamarisk) branches was placed lengthwise and crosswise, thereby strengthening the wall by forming an intermediate layer separating the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm

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Midianite Pottery: The designer import of the ancient world. ... of Seti I and Ramses V, ranging in time from 1318 to 1156 BC. Rothenberg called the painted pottery 'Egyptian' because of the 'Egyptian' connection (Rothenberg 1972 and 1988; Glueck 1935, 152). ... by a strong wall, and the other sites of Timna which had no defensive wall. Whereas at Site 30 no Midianite ware was found (but there was an early stage of metallurgy, known to us from fifteenth to fourteenth century Egyptian smelters of Bir Nasib in Sinai) and very little Midianite pottery was located at Site 34, a large quantity of Midianite ware was found at the unwalled sites of Timna and also in the ... It is virtually on every Bible map produced for the last 75 years. They have found Midianite pottery at Qudeirat: The upper fortress, as mentioned above, was extremely rich in ceramic remains. ... ... D. Midianite pottery found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Elat) Midianite pottery was found at Elat (Tell el-Kheleifeh) "Like the fortresses and fortified settlements of the Negev, the pottery of Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-midianite-pottery.htm

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Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ... ... Located 75 km east of Aleppo on the Euphrates. 16. Hamoukar: Unwalled city founded in 3000 BC at the Ubaid 3 Expansion. Ubaid assemblages were replaced by Uruk assemblages at the Uruk 3 expansion when the city was burned, and a wall was ... Concurrent with Stone Age, Halaf, Hassuna. 7. Uruk: [3000-2700 BC] Assemblage of a southern city founded by Nimrod that invaded north after 2900 BC. 8. Uruk 3 Expansion: [2850 BC] Archaeological assemblages originally found at Tel Uruk, ... Archaeological terms: 1. Assemblage: A collection of pottery and objects excavated at a single site or within one or more stratum which sometimes become diagnostic at other sites for dating. Assemblages found at Ubaid, Uruk 2. Christian Archaeological Dating (CAD): The oldest ... Its length is estimated 61.8 m. and its width most probably 46.5 m. The length is estimated on the basis of the eastern corner (Fig. 11) which is fortunately found intact at its bottom, giving the length of the south-eastern side of the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gamla 76 BC They included 350 ballista balls, 35 arrowheads, and many nails and pottery items, among them Herodian lamps, broken jars, and cooking pots." (Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology ... The synagogue seen today is a one period occupation site that likely dates back to 76 BC and was used until destroyed in 67 AD. c. "Gamla is the earliest synagogue structure to ... building thus far excavated in that town and may well be the only one that ever existed there. Located adjacent to the eastern wall, the building runs on a northeast-southwest axis and is 21.5 meters long and 17.5 meters wide." (The Ancient Synagogue, Lee Levine, p54, 1999 AD) d. ... all she owned, all she had to live on."" (Mark 12:41-44) 3. Gamla was always a Rebel fortress: a. 76 BC: Founded by neo-zealot leader Alexander Jannaeus in 76 BC. b. 2 BC: Judas ... Research, Rachel Hachlili, p26, 2013 AD) 5. Gamla: "The excavators (Yavor 2010:50-51; Fig. 2.43) reconstruct the Gamla synagogue as follows: Doric columns surmounted the four ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gamla-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-ark-scrolls-niche-mikveh-heart-columns-bema-Judas-jewish-war-ballista-coin-76bc.htm

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Beidha, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea: mass food production ... ... The burning may have been a way of disposing of the roof to make way and prepare for the new structure. This larger room had a raised elevation of 50 cm and the eastern wall was triple thick stone ... While it was a factory for tool manufacturing, it was also a mass food preparation city. Remember, there were no fires of any kind excavated in the rectangular city. This proves that grains that ... small, squat pestles (Fig. 7, Nos. 1-3). (Five Seasons at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Village of Beidha in Jordan, Diana Kirkbride, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Vol 98, p35, 1966 AD) c. "Querns. A great number of querns, both open-ended and closed and the fragments of such are scattered throughout the site, in situ, built into walls, made into steps, or occurring in the fill and in the rubbish dumps. ... The wall is in fact, what preserved the entire archeological tel from water erosion from the wadi that passes directly by the city. In ancient times, this would have been their water supply. This ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-beidha.htm

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Misidentified: "Belonging to Jotham" and "Belonging to Eliakim ... ... It was discovered in 1940 at the last minute of the last day of the last of three seasons of . . . excavations"" at Tell el-Kheleifeh, at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. Pioneer archaeologist Nelson Glueck believed it to be the site of the biblical cities Ezion-Geber and, later, Elath. Abbas. the Arab foreman of Glueck, found a seal ring under a mud brick wall. Believing that this beautifully executed seal ring most likely belonged to Jotham, son of Uzziah, king of Judah, Glueck ... As a result, a mysterious gap between the tenth and seventh centuries seemed to appear at most of the excavated sites in Judah. In this way a distorted picture emerged, not only of the archaeology of the kingdom of Judah but also of other related ... This is quite an incredible fact and perhaps one day we will have a better understanding as to who, why and where this seal was placed on pottery handles. b. "It is still unclear which is the best explanation for all the problems connected with the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-Belonging-to-Eliakim-servant-of-Jehoiachin-belonging-to-Jotham-misidentified.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... ... Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah" was determined to be intrusive based upon the content of the letter and the Hebrew text. Arad ostracon #40, was professionally excavated and fully provenienced with detailed three-dimensional ... Arad #88 "Neco II appoints Jehoiakim" is another example of "intrusive" pottery. Since Arad ostracon 88 was a valid surface provenanced find at Tel Arad, but it is technically unprovenienced since it lacks a three-dimensional record of where it was found on the site. In fact, no one knows where it was found on the surface at Tel Arad. Arad Ostraca #88 is a genuine archeological object as a surface find from Tel Arad but since it is unprovenienced, its date must be determined epigraphically and by content. Paleographically, Arad #88 is a close match to ... rounded." (Arad Inscriptions, Aharoni, Arad #88) "clearly part of a letter from the king of Judah to the fortress commander; according to the handwriting, it must come from Stratum VII. This is an important addition to ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Qiryat Sefer 90 BC C. Occupation history: 1. Based upon the archeology of the synagogue, the Hasmonean coins and Late Hellenistic/Early Roman pottery, the synagogue has been dated to 90 BC, ... Square shape 9.6 x 9.6 meters, two rows of Bench seats at the eastern and western walls, benches at the south wall were looted. 3. Four Columns: a. See also: Columns: ... The Torah Shrine was likely a wooden box with either curtains or two wooded doors: 6. "Kiryat Sefer is located some 25 km. east of Tel Aviv, on a hill near the ancient road from Caesarea via Beit Horon to Jerusalem. The remains of a small Jewish village were found at the site. Several dwellings were arranged ... Two rows of stone benches were found along three sides of the hall (Fig. II-1d). The synagogue walls and columns were probably plastered with red paint. The floor was ... revolt. (The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 AD, Anders Runesson, p65, 2008 AD) Conclusion: 1. This is one of the most beautiful synagogues ever excavated. a. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Qiryat-Sefer-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-red-plastered-painted-fresco-four-columns-mikveh-mikvaot-benches-90bc.htm

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The Wilderness of Zin, C. Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence ... ... In the valley of Ain el Guderat are remains of many periods of occupation. The latest are the Arab graves of the Guderat tribe on the top of the little tell, and the excavated Arab corn-pits at the ... These pottery fragments had almost certainly been brought by water to their present position, and we could find no traces of the site of the Hellenistic settlement from which they probably came. ... In our view the plan of the building is superior to its execution. Fig. 8: Fortress at Ain el Guderat We dug into one of the rooms on the top of the wall and found that its sides were standing a yard or more ... Outside the main wall of the fort on this eastern side was a low tongue of land bearing traces of less important buildings. We could see no signs of a gateway leading into the fort, though such ... A better indication of date is given by the pottery. There was not much of this upon the surface; light ashes, rubble and building-stones from the fallen walls and lumps of clay, that may have ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-woolley-lawrence-the-wilderness-of-zin-1914-1915ad.htm

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