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609 BC: Arad Ostraca #88: Jehoiakim is appointed king of Judah ... ... 88. So while Arad ostraca 88 is "unprovenienced" (lacking 3 a dimensional record of where it was found within a formal archeological dig), it is not "unprovenanced" since surface finds on archeological sites are often and routinely added to the official excavation records. What the excavation report said: "The last ostracon (No. 88) was not found during the ... Although remains of only three lines were preserved, these lines are clearly part of a letter from the king of Judah to the fortress commander; according to the handwriting, it must come from Stratum VII. This is an important addition to the collection of ostraca." (Arad ... Arad was excavated 1962-1967 AD. b. Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, 1981 AD (The Hebrew version was published years earlier, but the English ... it is possible to deduce that the letter was sent to the commander of the citadel, Eliashib son of Eshiyahu, from Jehoahaz son of Josiah, King of Judah, during his short reign ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad88-letters-Jehoiakim-Judah-appointed-king-by-Pharoah-Neco-II-Egypt-2Kings23-34-I-became-king-in-all-the-land-be-strong-609bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca introduction: Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, Nico ... Jerusalem 605-587 BC. Edomite attack on Judah Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah" Edomite attack on Judah Arad #24 "Zedekiah's Reply" Asylum inside the Temple of YHWH Arad #18 "Solomon Temple Sanctuary" Jehoiakim becomes king in 609 BC Arad #88 "Neco II appoints Jehoiakim" Edomite ... The new citadel stood only about a decade. In 597, while Nebuchadnezzar's army was invading Judah from the north, the fortress was captured and destroyed again, apparently by raiders from Edom. The excavators of Arad found over a hundred Hebrew inscriptions and ostraca, most of them fragmentary, dating from the ninth century to the early sixth century ... B.C., to the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the early sixth century B.C" (The Saga of Eliashib, Office files found of commander of fort at Arad, Anson F. Rainey, BAR 13:02, 1987 AD) ... The archeological dig report says that ostraca was found in these occupation levels, each of which correspond to a date: Stratum II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XI. "Stratum VI ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-Arad-18-24-40-88-letters-refugee-temple-YHWH-edomite-threat-troops-edom-Ramah-Negev-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Neco-II-Egypt-Jehoiakim-Zedekiah-Judah-608-597bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... The story told by Ostraca #40 and 24: 1. Edomite history: At age 30, Esau moves from Judah to Seir, conquers the Horites in 1926 BC and begins to occupy their ... or be executed"! When King Zedekiah read Malchijah's defiant reply it angered King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a second order to send troops on Ostracon #24. The letter was sent to Eliashib, who was the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress. Arad ostraca #24 says, "Send 50 soldiers from Arad and 100 from Kinah under the command of ... and the high command found it necessary to issue strict orders, threatening the dis-obeyer with death penalty, in order to get their commands fulfilled. ... Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah" is intrusive, since it dates to 597 BC (stratum VI) but was found inside stratum VIII which dates to 701 BC. i. Even if it was ... Stage 3: Ostracon #40 was redated to the time of Zedekiah (597 BC) based upon the epigraphical features and the style of letter formation of the Paleo-Hebrew ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #24: Letter from Zedekiah to send troops ... Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" The story told by Ostraca #40 and 24: 1. Edomite history: At age 30, Esau moves from Judah to Seir, conquers the ... When King Zedekiah read Malchijah's defiant reply it angered King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a second order to send troops on Ostracon #24. The letter was sent to Eliashib, who was the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress. Arad ostraca #24 says, "Send 50 soldiers from Arad and 100 from Kinah under the command of Malchijah from Arad, and deliver them ... In spite of the death threat from Zedekiah, local fort commanders refuse to transfer troops to Ramah-Negev. Ostracon 24 was found outside the fortress on the western slope, and it should be from Stratum VI (597 BC) according to the script "In my opinion, ... 2003 AD) Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, 1981 AD (The Hebrew version was published years earlier, but the english edition has many updates and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad24-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-life-and-death-matter-Eliashib-Malchijah-Elisha-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Edom-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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597 BC Ostraca Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira) "MPQD" Ostracon #1 Joshua ... ... II. The connection of Tel Ira with Arad ostraca #80 and #24: "The most chilling episode in Eliashib's career came to light three years after the discovery of the archive in his office. I was supervising the excavation of the slope outside the fortress on the western side. An American volunteer from the University of North Carolina came running over with an inscribed sherd she had just found. It was a letter to Eliashib, but unfortunately only the back side was well preserved. From the script, we could tell that it had come from the stratum VI ... on a hill overlooking the entire Beer-Sheba Valley): "To Eliashib ... king ... troop ... from Arad 50 and from Kin[ah] ... and you shall send them ... Ramah-Negeb had to be defended, "lest Edom should come there." When the Edomites to the south and east saw that Judah was under heavy pressure from ... This defense probably failed." (Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters, J. M. Lindenberger, Vol. 14, p114, 2003 AD) Conclusion: Tel Ira (Ramah-Negev) ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Ramah-Negev-Tell-Ira1-letters-census-MPQD-miphqad-mipqad-command-of-Berechiah-Bald-Joshua19-8-Shelemiah-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #18: Man seeks asylum in Temple of Solomon ... was King of Judah (597-587 BC): I. Arad ostracon #18 connection with the Bible: We have the personal name of the Hebrew's God: YHWH written on the pottery sherd in carbon black ink! YHWH is used in Arad ostraca 16, 18, 21, ... or in any of its precincts, because they owe money to the king or are in debt, let them be released and receive back all ... Steve Rudd's red footnotes from his adapted translation above Eliashib, commander of Arad fortress, is named in these Arad Ostraca 1-12,14-18,24,35,38,4... 7:47 It seems this person was in danger, thus the writer of the letter announces that he is well and is in the sanctuary. ... Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, 1981 AD (The Hebrew version was published years earlier, but ... This may be linked to the fact that the "house of the Lord" at Arad existed up to Stratum VII, and was destroyed finally ... The two matters are connected - the man had found a sanctuary in the Temple. g. The role of the Temple as a sanctuary is ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad18-letters-refugee-Solomons-temple-of-YHWH-Eliashib-Qerosite-Keros-homer-measure-Shemaiah-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... Judah was devastated by the Chaldeans." (1 Esdras 4:45) "Now on the tenth day of the fifth month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan the captain of the bodyguard, who was in the service of the king of ... Dating to 597 BC, the Arad ostraca fully document the invasion of Edom into the Judean Negev for the first time starting in 605 BC "In a series of Hebrew letters recovered from the excavation of the fortress at Arad by the late Yohanan Aharoni, the Edomites are also mentioned. Aharoni notes that the letters came from stratum VI and suggest that this stratum was destroyed by the Edomites in 595 B.C. According to Aharoni, the letter mentioning the Edomites is addressed to the Judahite commander ... anticipated-"lest the Edomites come," to use the language found on the Hebrew ostracon (an inscribed pottery sherd)." (New ... to send troops on Ostracon #24. The letter was sent to Eliashib, who was the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ... ... HEBREW REGNAL NEW YEAR BEGINS ON 1 TISHRI 598-597 BC 8th year of Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian Regnal new year starts 6 months earlier in Nisan) 1st year of Zedekiah (non-accession reckoning of 2 Kings and ... Rather I am going to make an end of them by the sword, famine and pestilence."" (Jeremiah 14:11-12, 597 BC) 3. The Edomite threat and a collection of ostraca from the Biblical city of Arad were found that ... Two ostraca in particular tell an amazing story of how Edom had begun attacking the land of Judah: Arad Ostracon #40, Arad Ostracon #24 c. "At age 30, Esau moves from Judah to Seir, conquers the Horites in ... Malchijah wrote king Zedekiah informing him that neither Kinah or Arad would be sending troops to Ramah-Negev. Malchijah's defiant reply angered Zedekiah. King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a follow-up letter on another pottery sherd to Eliashib, the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress on Arad ostraca #24 (Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD ... Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen ... as expressed in the words of Zechariah: ... you shall flee, as you fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah (Zech 14:5). ... Arad Stratum IX was also destroyed in this campaign (1993:82). Stratum 6 Credit for the initial construction of the fortress at 'En Haseva (Stratum 6) must go to Solomon. Accepting the identification of En Haseva with Tamar (Aharoni 1963) joins it to the list of sites mentioned in 1 Kgs 9:17-18 as built by the king.9 The Stratum 6 fortress ... Known as the Ramoth-negeb ostracon and thought to be a letter from the king in Jerusalem, the text concludes "...Behold, I have sent to warn you today. Get the ... Israel Exploration Journal 13:30-42. 1967 Forerunners of the Limes: Iron Age Fortresses in the Negev. Israel Exploration Journal 17:1-17. 1970 Three Hebrew Ostraca from ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted ... Probably at the age of 4 years old after Ishmael was weaned and drank water, Sarah mistreated Hagar at Hebron around 2076 BC. Hagar ran south in the direction of "the way to Shur" and found a spring called ... The priests entered the tabernacle with their backs to the rising sun. The main Hebrew camp would be located on the east side of the summit of Mt. Sinai. 34. The Ezion-Geber Enigma: Mt. Sinai to Ezion-Geber ... At age 30, Esau moves from Judah to Seir, conquered the Horites in 1926 BC and began to occupy their historic Transjordan territory east of the Arabah valley in the highlands of modern Jordan. During the time ... There were simply not enough troops to secure both Kinah AND Ramah-Negev. e. King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a follow-up letter on another pottery sherd to Eliashib, the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress on Arad ostraca #24 (Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" 597 BC). Zedekiah's follow-up letter to Eliashib ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... the final third of the reign of Ramses II. A second scarab, found in the overlying main stratum, was from the same date. ... assigns to Level II. "Animal bones from Level II have been found in the area of the courtyards; these bones are not burnt ... excavation reports, that the oldest bible verses ever discovered was the from the assemblage of ostraca from Kuntillet Ajrud. ... His choice of the 3-letter spelling of the name of God in Paleo-Hebrew script confirms that it was considered a standard form. 1. "Yehonatan the King" (78 BC). "Many of Jannaeus' coins were overstruck to replace "Yehonatan the King" with "Yonatan ... Ebal: Reuben + Gad + Asher + Zebulun + Dan + Naphtali = 307,930. Blessings on Mt. Gerizim: Simeon + Levi + Judah + Issachar + ... was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress and not an altar (Kempinski 1986; Dever 1992b: 32-34; Fritz 1993: 185). ... From the Iron Age, a Philistine altar was found at Tel Qasile, and Israelite altars were discovered at Tel Arad and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... The discussion focuses on the way in which the monarchs of Israel and Judah organized religion in support of the state, in ... SURVEY OF PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP 17 2 In the HB, the earliest (although not the first) reference to Canaan is found in Judg 5: 19, ... In its time however, Frazer's formulation of the death and rebirth of the divine king made a significant contribution to the ... The cultic meaning which yç had in the Canaanite Late Bronze Age, as demonstrated by ostraca from Lachish, was never replicated in the HB. Alternately, hjnm developed a dual meaning in Hebrew, one in which the intersection of ... ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL Ebla The sacred structures of MB IIA (Stratum IIA)-MB IIB (Stratum IIIB) Ebla ... The three fortress temples (Temples D, B1 and N) suggest the accumulation of great wealth and indicate that relationships were ... ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL At Arad, a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... It was from Kadesh that Moses sent twelve men to spy out the land (Num. 13:26), and messengers to the king of Edom to request passage through his territory (Num. 20:14). The abundance of ... The final phase of the fortress may have been destroyed towards the end of the reign of Manasseh of Judah, about the mid-7th century B.C.E. The Upper Fortress The last fortress at ... No ostraca were found in the earliest fortress, which is not surprising in view of the fact that very few ostraca from the 10th century B.C.E. are known. Two ostraca were found in the middle fortress. One is inscribed with the Hebrew word I'dny (to my ... At the top appears the number three thousand and next to it a Hebrew word, of which the first letter, alef, is clear, so that it might also be the word 'Ifm (thousands). Another ostracon ... In Beersheba and Nahal Besor region there is ample proof of resettlement -between ancient Arad and Tell el Far'ah in Nahal Besor, even though the character of this settlement is ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... briefly, and were apparently destroyed in the course of Pharaoh Shishak's invasion of Palestine in about 920 B.C. following King Solomon's death (1 Kings 14:25-26). ... F. Four ostracons were found at Qudeirat: This ostracon was found in the youngest (highest) level about 700 BC. It is a conversion chart between Hebrew and Egyptian ... on other ostraca from Arad and elsewhere in Judah, but, unlike those scholars who see in the hieratic numerals an indication of either Egyptian control or mercenary troops, the author believes that they represent a purely cultural influence. This ex-plains why the Egyptian numerals appear together with the normal Hebrew signs for the shekel and the unit of one thousand." (Kadesh-Barnea, 1979, Rudolph Cohen, Israel Exploration Journal, 1980 AD, p 235-236) G. The oldest, oval fortress ... In terms of possible regional correlations between architecture and governmental planning, it should he noted that both Stratum V and IV of Tel Beer Sheva had a solid ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... ... Rast's conclusions were carefully crafted and should not be rejected. THE DEBATE OVER THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE 21 Thus, Jezreel, Arad, the Negev Highlands, and Taanach may be taken as 'mini-anchors' in the ... How to link the expansion in mid-9th century BCE metal production observed at KEN in the flurry of building activities seen in the Stratum S2b building (Fig. 10.18), the slag mounds (Fig. 10.10 and Building 200; ... Discussion and Conclusions Cohen (1983, 1993a) suggested that the Upper Fortress at Tell el-Qudeirat was built during the reign of King Josiah (ca. 639-609 BCE). If so, then its existence was short-probably less than ... Later Johoiakim (608-598 BCE) was placed on the throne by Pharaoh Necho II, instead of Jehoahaz (2 Kings 23), indicating considerable Egyptian influence over Judah. Some of the ostraca found by Cohen (1983, 1993a, 1993b) in the Upper Fortress show both ancient Egyptian hieratic numerals and Hebrew words, which might fit the above political picture. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... After the 10th century, the southern border of Judah receded: Cohen discovered that all the Iron Age sites in the Central Negev contained remains which dated ... The central Negev was settled only during the United Monarchy, when King Solomon followed a deliberate pattern of expansion and construction of forts. The ... rather, a well-built silo was found at this point (fig. 2). 2. Below this fortress is another fortress with 4 m.-wide walls dating to the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. This structure is very similar to the fortresses with 4 m.-wide walls known from the northern Negev tells at Beer-sheba, Arad, and Aroer. 3. Below the earlier fortress are 10th-century remains. ... Fig. 3. One of four Hebrew ostraca discovered in the fortress at Kadesh Barnea. Ostraca Finds In addition to the pottery, the small finds include at least four ... Another contains three lines of writing, the contents of which are not yet clear. A third is an ostracon from the latest stratum, very similar to one from the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... ... weight from Arad Level VIII and one from Tell el-Farah (N) Level VII (Kletter 1991: 124-26). It follows that the JIW appeared from the end of the eighth century B.C. at the latest, and were definitely not an invention, or "reform," of king Josiah, as often claimed in earlier literature (e.g., Yadin 1964; Scott 1965: 133; 1970). The metrology of the JIW, their relations to the OT and the Hebrew ostraca, and the hieratic numer-als found on them are beyond the scope of this article (but see ... There were probably also royal Judaean weights, in view of the major role of the royal house in the economic life of Judah. I believe that these were perhaps ... Pp. 249-99 in Ancient Israelite Religion: Es-says in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, eds. P. D. Miller, P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride. Phil-adelphia: Fortress. Holland, ... Murnane, W. J., and Van Siclen, C. C. III. 1993 The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten. New York: Kegan Paul International. Na'aman, N. 1974 Sennacherib's "Letter to God" ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... ... Eight installa-tions, interpreted as hearths or ovens, were found in this casemate unit. This building, variously interpreted ... Phoenician and Aramaic ostraca of the 5th and early 4th centuries B.c. (Glueck 197 lb: 229-34), together with a handful of ... The problem of dating this fortress level will be discussed below. The Offsets/Insets Settlement' Tell Arad. From the ... considerations, that the chronology of Stratum X and following (XII and XI as well) will be revised downward. For the present, the suggested similarities between the Tell el-Kheleifeh and Tell Arad offsets/ insets settlements must be assigned ... reads, lawscril cbd hmlk, "belonging to Qaws'anal, servant of the king" (Glueck 1971b: 237-40; cf. 1938b: 11-12, 1940a: 15). ... Mazar, and Trude Dothan, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University; Avraham Biran and his assistants at the Nelson ... Eretz Israel 15: 181-204. Aharoni, Y. 1958 The Negeb of Judah. Israel Exploration Journal 8: 26-38. 1959 The Date of Casemate ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... ... It may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "wilderness of Etham ... is reinforced by the fact that several of the milestones were found south of where the modern road to Ramm, Egra and Medina diverges SE. ... was on the SALTY Red Sea near Elat in the Territory of Edom: "King Solomon also built a fleet of ships in Ezion-geber, which is near ... is impossible because it is 80 km west of the border of Edom in 1446 BC. Learn more about Arad Ostraca . Learn more about the history of Edom. ... Transjordan location to INSIDE THE PROMISED LAND, when they are NEVER placed in the territory of Judah and Simeon in any scriptural narrative. ... built by Akhenaten, that names the Hebrews is incredible The cuneiform consonantal translation of the invading enemy is "Habiru" or Hebrew! ... This is also called Rekem by the Assyrians (Syrians). Footnote #: 762. Petra. Judges 1:36; K. 142:7; L. 279:71. No letter division in the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC IV. Solved: Detailed Chronology of Elisha and Elijah V. Master List of 25 Wars of the 9th Century BC VI. A. Asa king of Judah: 911-870 BC VII. B. Asa and Josiah Parallels VIII. Kings of Aram IX. 25 Archeological confirmations of the Bible: inscriptions, stele Conclusion See also: Excavations at Tel Rehov where the Elisha ostraca was found in 2013 AD List of 75 similarities of Joseph as a ... Twin Bulls 840 BC h. Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from Ketef Hinnom: 725-650 BC 9. Elisha of Ostraca ... MT: "Then he returned and walked in the house once back and forth, and went up and stretched himself on him; and the lad sneezed seven times and the lad opened his eyes." (2 Kings 4:35, Hebrew ... This shows that the number 7 had special divine meaning among the pagan gentiles at the time of the Exodus. c. Amarna Letter EA215: Storyline: Bayawa begs pharaoh to send Yanhamu, an Egyptian ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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Hebrew, Jewish, Yehuda, Bible coins of the Persian Empire "Yehudim" (Jew) is the unique word for the Jews is in the Bible after the Babylonian captivity and the Persian era. "Yehud" (Judah) is a unique Persian word found 6 times in the Bible. "Tirshatha" (Governor) A unique Persian origin word for governors (ie. Nehemiah) appointed by the Persian king is in the Bible. "pehah"= (Governor) is the standard Hebrew title of a governor that dates back to Solomon. However, ... Archeology has found the Persian Elephantine Papyus with "Bagohi the satrap of Judah" and "Sanballat satrap of Samaria" in the text of the same "Temple Papyri" letter. This is the only ... An inscription found in a rock-cut tomb in W Judah, that most probably dates back to the 7th or 6th century b.c.e., has hry yhd, "the mountains of Judah." On Arad Ostracon 40 the text is ... It is a striking fact that a name yĕhûdâ until now has not been found among the hundreds of extrabiblical personal names discovered on ostraca and seals. This could speak in favor of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Persian-Empire-539-333BC.htm

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Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ... Pharaoh Shishak is seen in all his conquering glory to the right in a large body outline that is still visible. In the center bottom are all the conquered Hebrew city mayors ... Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the most historically accurate book of history on earth. Read the Bible daily! Rehoboam, King of Judah (931-914 BC) ... These include Arad, Yurza, Sharnhen, and the proposed identification of Ezion-Geber, which is doubtful. Of particular interest to us here are nine place-names formed with the component p.h\-q-r, which can be readily associated with the Semitic root h\-g-r ("fort"). The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to ... The second is in name 68, where we felt it necessary to indicate our firm conviction of the original presence of the letter k (in the same arrangement of signs as in name 87) ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... ... This typology, which ignores the factor of size, lumps radically different types of structures into a single category. For example, the fortress at Horvat Rahba, which is ... The pottery from these structures consists of two types: handmade Negev ware (sometimes called "Negebite ware") and wheel-made vessels of the types common in Judah at the ... evidence from the only site so far attributed to this tribe, namely Stratum XII at Arad (Mazar 1965: 303), since no Negebite ware was uncovered in this stratum (M. Aharoni 1981). The wheel-turned vessels found in the Negev fortresses are dated by Cohen exclusively to the 10th century B.C., and ... bearers of the Negev ware—were adopted by Etam in a short response to Cohen's Hebrew version of his summarizing article on the Negev fortresses (Cohen 1979; Etam 1980). ... to Saul on the grounds that it is difficult to imagine that this king built defensive systems to fortify the southern border of the kingdom while it was still in its infancy. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca on Pithos Jar: (Possibly one of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Click to View Introduction document: ... the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" ("Aharoni Fortress" near Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) A. Date of the ... Cohen believed Kuntillet Ajrud had three continuous periods of occupation by a centralized government under the direction of several kings of Judah beginning with Solomon. e. Secondary use of a fortress ... The reigns of Jehoram, Ahaziah, and Athaliah (between 850 and 837 B.C.E.) seem distinct possibilities. However, the period of Joash king of Israel (ca. ... The plan initially seems to resemble a small fortress, similar in appearance to the Israelite citadel-with-towers found at Kadesh-barnea, Arad, and `Uza. ... In 1975-76 several Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions were discovered in a fortress-like structure at Kuntillet Ajrud (Kuntillet Quraiyah) in the northern ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... king Uzziah (ca. 784-733 B.C.E.), who, in the context of his vigorous foreign policy, restored Eilat (2 Chr 26:10) and fortified the southern regions of Judah (2 Chr 26:10). Dothan assumed that the fortress had endured until its destruction in the Babylonian onslaught (Dothan 1965: 143). Top: Animal figurine of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. found in the fortress. Below left: Jars in the casemate room on the western side of the fortress; Below right: Wheel-made cooking pot of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST/ SPRING 1981 97 • Top left: Hand made bowl of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. Below left: Abecedarian Hebrew ostracon of the ... The casemate wall seems to have been paralleled on all four sides by an additional row of rooms. Among the many finds here were two ostraca inscribed in ancient ... Thus, it might be compared to the stone-paved sanctuary excavated at Arad, which also was situated in the northwestern part of the fortress (Aharoni 1963: 247-49). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... On the basis of the potsherds found in the debris they dated the fortresses to sometime in the late second to early first millennium B.C. In addition, they ... Nahal Lacana, and Yotvata; (4) fortresses surrounded by a polygonal wall, including the fortress above En-gedi, and the one at Har Hesron (Aharoni 1967: 2-11). ... A number of its arteries are named and described in the Hebrew Bible. The "Way of the Spies," for instance, was the course taken by the Israelites who, spurning Moses' admonition, attempted to enter the Promised Land from the south, but were routed and repelled by the king of Arad (Num 21:1). From this account it follows that the "Way of the ... Two Hebrew ostraca were found in the central courtyard; the first features three consecu-tive letters (zayin, het, tet) and may be part of an alphabet (fig. 13). ... Qudeis and Kadesh-barnea—and the southern border of the tribe of Judah as described in Josh 15: 1-4: "And the lot for the tribe of the children of Judah. . . ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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Greek Scroll Twelve minor prophets Nahal Hever 50 BC: Septuagint ... "But as for you, Ephrathah (ie. Bethlehem) Too little to be among the clans of Judah, From you One will go forth for Me to be ruler in Israel. His goings forth are ... YHWH is written in Mosaic Hebrew as the name of God. What you read in the book you find in the ground! The Greek Septuagint Twelve Minor Prophets scroll (2100 ... Archaeologists found three ostraca, which had been placed on the skeletons, inscribed with the names of the deceased. d. The Romans killed the rebel Jews by smoke inhalation by ... the practice of nomina sacra altogether, the Jews continue the practice by writing the word God in English as G-D where a dash is substituted for the letter O. e. ... They collect captives like sand. "They mock at kings And rulers are a laughing matter to them. They laugh at every fortress And heap up rubble to capture it. "Then ... Gedaliah, son of Amariah, son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah: "I will completely remove all things From the face of the earth," ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-Septuagint-twelve-Greek-Minor-prophets-scroll-Nahal-Hever-Bar-Kochba-Cave-of-Horrors-letters-Dodekapropheton-Greek-8HevXIIgr-50BC.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... a natural extension of the ongoing process of sedentarization commenced by the Hebrew tribes in the 13th century: "We have before us an instructive illustration of settlement ... Oval fortress built by Solomon and destroyed by Pharaoh Shishak's invasion of Palestine in about 920BC (1 Ki 14:25-26) Rectangular fortress built by Uzziah of Judah 784-733 BC Rectangular fortress rebuilt by Josiah, King of Judah 640-609BC. ... In the author's opinion, the wheel-made pottery found in the excavations and surveys of the first three fortress types clearly belongs to the 10th-century B.C. assemblage. Therefore, in ... control of the Negev in the Iron Age II was based on a network of tower-fortresses, such as those excavated at Uzzah, Arad, Qadesh Barnea, and lately at `Ein Hazevah (Cohen 1988; 1991). ... 15:5, 7), which was apparently responsible for the destruction of Tel Masos Stratum II, while the destruction of Tel Esdar could have been the result of a counterattack by the Amalekites. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... After Moses' request for peaceful passage through Edom was refused by the Edomite king, the Israelites set out from Kadesh-Barnea to conquer Canaan by a more ... During the period of the Judges, Kadesh-Barnea marked the southern border of the land allotted to the tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:3). The actual site of ... routes in antiquity: (1) the Way of Shur, leading from Edom and the Aravah down to Egypt; and (2) the way from Eilat and the Central Negev to Arad and Hebron. ... Except for a small area paved with stone, the floors were of beaten earth. On the floor of this fortress we found many complete pottery vessels, both wheel-made and ... From the interior rooms surrounding the courtyard we uncovered an ancient Hebrew ostraconc containing three consecutive letters of the alphabet, and another Hebrew ... This influence seems to have extended north to Aradf and to Judean sites where ostraca were also found which bear hieratic numerals. I mentioned one small area of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor 1869. He arranged an exploratory dig at the site during which the first written find was discovered: the letter 'alef incised on a fragment, which Palmer mistook for a Greek alpha. ... The plan initially seems to resemble a small fortress, similar in appearance to the Israelite citadel-with-towers found at Kadesh-barnea, Arad, and `Uza. Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls typical of these ... The fragments of plaster that had dropped from the walls of the bench room included two Hebrew inscriptions written in Phoenician script. A part of a third inscription was found in ... Analysis of similar pottery forms suggest that four different areas could have been a source for most of the pottery types: the S coast, central Judah, the N kingdom of Israel ... If this reconstruction is sound, it is possible that we have in 'Syw hmlk a transposition of the name yw'3", Joash, referring to the king (hmlk) of Israel who reigned from Samaria ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm

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495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ... ... the days of the kings of Egypt [i.e., when Egypt was independent] our forefathers built that temple in the Elephantine fortress and when Cambyses [the Persian ruler who conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.E.] entered Egypt, he found that temple built." ... Four are drafts of letters sent from outside of Elephantine (TAD A4.5, 7, 8, 10) and one is strictly speaking a memorandum, probably written in Judah ... Occasionally, the piece was turned sideways (TAD A3.9). One unique piece, unfortunately fragmentary, contains a letter written on the side parallel ... been the subject of intensive investigation (with corrections of some mistakes made by earlier scholars) by Bezalel Porten of Hebrew University. ... According to Porten, the temple was established by priests from Jerusalem who had gone into self-imposed exile in Egypt during the reign of King ... Elephantine, since the festival is mentioned in letters from half a century earlier (see no. 19 and other fragmentary ostraca from the same period). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... To distinguish between the Arabic letters, qaf and kaf, q is used for the former, and k for the latter. The fifth letter of the Arabic alphabet is ... 2 The Hebrew word ^cghelh or Xegcb pjj) which is rendered in the King James Version "the south," or the "south country," or "southward," (e. <j. Gen. 12: J; 24: G2 ; Num. 13: 17,) is a proper name the Xegeb and should commonly be so rendered, in order to its better understanding. " The tract below Hebron, which forms the link between the hills of Judah and the ... The indications of the text are, that when the people found their progress into Canaan barred for a generation, they gradually scat tered themselves in ... Carchemish, and so [onward], . . . passing Aleppo, Ilarnath, and Emesa (where, perhaps, already the sons of Kheth were entrenched in their lake fortress). ... "Arama (Arad) : A city of the Amorites, lying near to the desert called Kaddes, and there is there even now a village at the fourth milestone from Malatha, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... ... at various sites in Judah, such as Lachish9, Tel Beit-Mirsiml°, and Engedi11. 3. The Post-Fortress Finds The few finds, discovered in several of the buildings within the fortress and in the upper layers of the courtyard, indicate that after the destruction of the fortress, there was only a small settlement on the site. ... in Egypt16. On the shoulder of the vessel we found painted the letter shin and a numeral. The form of the letter is late Assyrian, and is common in Aramaic and Hebrew inscriptions of the Persian period 17. The numeral, similar to an inverted V, is usually considered to designate the value of ten. ... Weights and the Date of the Samaria Ostraca, Scripta Hierosolymitana 8, 1961, pp. 19-22. 19 As the hin was equal to 3.6 litres, the jar we found would have held 18 litres of oil. ... may be attributed to Jehoshaphat, who reigned in Judah in the years 870-846 B.C.E. This king attempted to enter the Red Sea trade, appointing a governor in Edom and building ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... ... the case today. EDITOR'S NOTE: This article was originally published in Hebrew by Zeev Meshel and Avner Goren, under the title "`Aharoni Fortress' Another ... The strongest evidence for the economic prosperity of southern Israel in this period is to be found at Tel Masos, Stratum II. . . . [The finds there] point to ... 1984: 202), where were the intermediate fortresses, between this focus and Arad? How can we explain the lack of way-stations along the routes to Qadesh Barnea and `Ein Hazevah? And "above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" (Finkelstein 1984: 191-92). ... If they were indeed Judahite administrative centers, how were they reached? If some kings of Judah indeed sent delegates to Eilat and Ezion Geber (via Horvat ... The authorities directed them to establish settlements in the interests of the king, which they built and largely populated. In time, they began to develop ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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593 BC Nubian Expedition of Psammetichus II, Demotic papyri in ... ... We already knew that he died after 5 1/2 years of reign, but an inscription found in 1904 by M. LEGRAIN shows that the date of his death was the 23rd Thoth of ... placed his brother Eliakim (Jehoiakim) on the throne, and put the land of Judah under tribute 2. Herodotus, too, says that Neco's defeated the (As)Syrians at ... Josephus preserves a fragment of annals, according to which the almost impregnable fortress of Tyre, under its king Ithobal, was besieged by Nebuchadrezzar for thirteen years ; but this ... Psammetichus II won a victory in Nubia in 593 with the help of Judean troops (Letter of Aristeas, 3; Freedy-Redford, p. 476). Following up this victory, ... Jew who wrote a fictitious account in order to enhance the importance of the Hebrew Scriptures by suggesting that a pagan king had recognized their significance ... An interesting cross-reference is to be found in the Lachish letters, a collection of twenty-one ostraca found in the excavated ruins of Lachish (modern Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Psammetichus-Psamtik-II-Demotic-Papyrus-IX-Expedition-Nubia-Philistia-Syria-Palestine-pilgrimage-Byblos-John-Rylands-El-Hibeh-Egypt-595-589BC.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1965 AD) NELSON GLUECK Hebrew Union College — Jewish Institute of Religion Years ago, President ... We had as a result called them "king Solomon's mines," and had attributed, as we still do, a considerable part of his wealth to his ... useful in case of earthquakes have been found at Sendschirli, Boghazkoy, Tell Tainat, Tell Halaf and also at Troy and Knossos, for example.' ... for ventilation, as occurred, for example, in the tower of Saul's fortress at Gibeah; cf, Albright, AASOR, IV (1924), 9; Sinclair, AASOR, ... Elath, 18th Archaeological Convention (1962), pp. 105-8 (IIebrew). 14. Letter dated Dec. 18, 1938. Israelites to the art of metallurgy, may ... We believe that Period 1I may represent a reconstruction by Jeho-shaphat of Judah, who reigned from about 871-849 B.C. He was the one who made ... Trade on an extensive scale was still carried on with Arabia as evidenced by Aramaic ostraca, including wine receipts.26 And goods were ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... ... The population of 3.5 million Hebrew enhabited a 20 km territory range from ancient El Beidha located 5 km north of Petra, to Basta located 12 ... men of Judah captured another 10,000 alive, and took them to the top of the rock and threw them down from the top, and they were all dashed to pieces." (2 Chron. 25:5-13). Scholars argue about the numbers but nobody can argue that it was not an atrocity. However, the king underwent ... Romans (106 - 300 AD) "It is traditional to look for Roman technical advances that improved the Nabataean system, but few are found. ... This is also called Rekem by the Assyrians (Syrians). Footnote #: 762. Petra. Judges 1:36; K. 142:7; L. 279:71. No letter division in the ... Eusebius places Arad near the Desert of Kadesh Barnea, but the Madaba map places Arad between Beersheba and Egypt rather than between ... In earlier times the gulf of 'Akabah reached farther north than it does to-day [note: Schmidt is wrong about water levels. Solomon's fortress ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25 ... Iordan or Jordan is an unknown city which has been tentatively identified with Arad. "The southern parts of Judea, if they be measured ... Nabatea was like a province within the larger country area of Arabia Felix. If you were going to mail a letter to the Nabatean king at Petra ... Rhinocolura and in the Judean Negev, none of the areas were under the direct control of the Nabatean king at Petra as his legal territory. ... In the early first century, Arab controlled cities existed in Judah and Egypt as part of the Arabian spice trade. The primary seaport on the ... [6th century AD papyri found on site], Sobata [Nessana papyri], and Mampsis/Maps/Mapsis/Kurnub [Ptolemy, Geography 5.16.10; Onomasticon 8.8]. ... MASTER SUMMARY: 282 BC Septuagint: In 282 BC 70 top Hebrew scholars were sent from Jerusalem to Alexandria to translate the Torah from Hebrew ... gulf, there is another harbor and fortified place [military fortress], which is called White Village [Greek = Leuke Kome], from which ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm

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Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd ... Titus even condemned the Jews inside the city as savage beasts for hypocritically defiling the temple by turning it into a military fortress ... Nero, the 6th Roman Caesar as "666", Beast from Sea In addition to "Nero Caesar" isopsephically (letter to number sum) equalling the number ... by all Jews before the birth of Christ as witnessed in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Hebrew coinage and other ancient Jewish literary sources. ... Jim McGuiggen 1976, Homer Hailey 1979, Robert Harkrider 1997, Dan King 2018. [Note: King's commentary came out after this commentary was ... the great city, be thrown down with violence, and will not be found any longer." (Revelation 18:21) 3. "And their dead bodies will lie ... to the north of you; and your younger sister [Judah], who lived to the south of you, is Sodom with her daughters." (Ezekiel 16:46, 591 BC) b. ... And do not loot their wealth [in Jerusalem] in the day of their disaster. "Do not stand at the fork of the road [near Arad] to cut down their ... ... https://www.bible.ca/revelation/

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Origin of the Philistines, Sea Peoples, Pentapolis Cities, Goliath ... Canaan Pentapolis in the north: Hazor, Madon, Shimron, Achshaph, Dor: Joshua 11:1-3,10; Judges 4:2 i. Hazor was the top king of the land over ... and parallels to these names may be found on Crete and in western Anatolia (Achtemeier 1985, 790; Buttrick 1962, 3:792; Albright 1975, 513). ... raid on the Negev of the Cherethites, and on that which belongs to Judah, and on the Negev of Caleb, and we burned Ziklag with fire." (1 ... First Samuel 30:14 speaks of the "Negeb of the Cherethites/Cretans." It is easy to see from the Hebrew why scholars equate Cherethite with ... Shechem: Amarna Letters: EA246, 254, 244, 289 c. Shiloh: Amarna letter: EA288 d. Detailed outline on the Amarna Tablets 6. Amorite city state ... Of course, Qeiyafa did not exist at the time of the battle in 1025 BC, but David built the circular fortress as a monument to the great ... This will require shifting their lowest stratum layers with "Philistine Pottery" back at least 300 years into the LB age. c. Since "Philistine ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeology-origin-of-the-Philistines-Pentapolis-Sea-Peoples-Crete-Rameses-III-Medinet-Habu-Mortuary-temple-reliefs-inscriptions-Thebes-1077BC.htm

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Seder Olam Rabbah modern Jewish calendar English pdf free online ... Yes, indeed! And his King Jesus Christ will be Lord of that Sabbath." (Watchtower, Nov. 15, 1969, p. 622, 623) g. 1976 AD: "It may be that ... The use of the Greek proschema (ornament), a term applied in classical literature to other impregnable fortress cities, suggests that Antipas ... Thus, by the end of the century [200 AD], when Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi (Rabbi), the editor of the Mishnah, resettled at Sepphoris, the city had ... Evidence of their presence can be found in the Talmud. A famous rabbinical academy was founded, and tombs of the rabbis here are still ... Talmud was largely compiled in Tiberias, and in the seventh century it was the center of Masoretic work on the text of the Hebrew Bible. ... When Aaron died, the clouds of glory vanished and the Canaanites came to wage war against Israel. (v.40) "The Canaanite, the king of Arad ... from the princes of Israel." (2Chr. 21:12) "There came to him a letter from the prohet Elijah .. ," seven years after Elijah was hidden. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Seder-Olam-Rabbah-full-text-PDF-Free-Online-Chronology-modern-Jewish-calendar-Textual-variants-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Tanakh-Rabbinical-Judaism-160AD.htm

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Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Elisha Ostraca: Discovered in 2013 AD at Tel Rehov (Biblical Abel-meholah), the ostraca with the name of Elisha written in ancient Paleo-Hebrew is a stunning confirmation of the Bible. A honey bee factory (apiary) was also discovered with man-made ceramic cylinder bee hives. Excavations at Tel Rehov: Elisha ostraca was found in 2013 AD See also: Chronology of Elisha and Elijah Lachish Letters Ostraca collection King Josiah Letters Ostraca collection DETAILED OUTLINE DETAILED OUTLINE Arad Ostraca collection Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira) Ostraca collection DETAILED OUTLINE DETAILED OUTLINE Ostraca from Kuntillet Ajrud Founded as a Negev border fortress by Solomon, it was occupied by the pagan Jews from the corrupt northern tribes whose capital was Samaria. Notice that they are Jews worshipping YHWH, but then say that YHWH has a wife! (Consort or Asherah). OLDEST BIBLE TEXT ON EARTH: Most striking is that this pagan inscription contains the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/welcome.htm

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1001 BC: Papyrus Moscow 127: Wermai's Odyssey & Tragic Tale of ... he represented himself to be but was a Jew who wrote a fictitious account in order to enhance the importance of the Hebrew Scriptures by suggesting that a pagan king had recognized their significance and therefore arranged for their ... But these were nothing like so numerous as the captives whom Ptolemy the son of Lagus transported.)" (Letter of Aristeas 12-13, Pseudepigrapha of Greek Court-official 278-270 BC. Actual: Written by Jew in 150 BC) b. See Zedekiah, King of Judah: Detailed outline. 4. The Letter of ... of Aristeas, R. H. Charles, Volume 2, p 83, 1913 AD) 2. "The book of Esther is unique within the Hebrew Bible, but an analogy, mutatis mutandis, is to be found, emanating from the same general period from another diaspora community. ... of the kings of Egypt [i.e., when Egypt was independent] our forefathers built that temple in the Elephantine fortress and when Cambyses [the Persian ruler who conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.E.] entered Egypt, he found that temple built." ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Zedekiah-letter-of-Aristeas-to-Philocrates-Pseudepigrapha-Psammetichus-Septuagint-LXX-Psamtik-II-Expedition-Nubia-Egypt-troops-Ezek17-15-593BC.htm

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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... ... 2-14 (Hebrew); idem, Kadesh-barnea, A Fortress from the Time of the Judaean Kingdom, Israel Museum Catalogue No. 233, Jerusalem, 1983. Fig. 1. Schematic reconstructed cross-section through the rectangular fortress (after Dothan). Cohen presents an entirely different picture. We shall emphasize here solely the points relevant to us. The tenth-century settlement included an oval fortress ... B.C.E., and the 'upper fortress', surrounded by a casemate wall, apparently built by Josiah king of Judah in the second half of the seventh century and destroyed in 586 B.C.E. The existence of three ... A few stone-built granaries and walls uncovered outside the north-eastern side of the fortress wall date from the 'middle fortress'. The gate to the 'middle fortress' was not found, although the ... level can be observed in the fortress of Arad, where, based on a plan prepared by Z. Herzog, the National Parks Authority restored such rooms on top of the solid wall on both sides of the gate. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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Lachish Letters Ostraca collection, Tablets and Inscriptions ... Discovered in 1935 AD from an official archeological dig these ostraca were the written records of communications between the city of Lachish and the king in ... for five of the ostraca are sherds from the same vessel (L. Harding apud Torczyner 1938:184). Whether this means that the documents are drafts of letters written on the site and sent elsewhere (Yadin 1981) is open to debate (Rainey 1987; Parker 1994). They are generally dated to the period before the fall of Judah (586 bce), ... From the perspective of the history of discovery, the Lachish inscriptions were the first cohesive body of original texts from the pre-exilic period in Hebrew and ... The first 18 were found by the late J. L. Starkey in 1935; three more (making 21 in all) were added during a supplementary campaign in 1938. Most of the ostraca were ... pottery shard: "Your servant Hoshaiah1 sent (this letter) to report to my lord Joash2. May Yahweh cause my lord to hear a report of peace and a report of good news. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/Ostraca-Lachish-Letters-Jeremiah-YHWH-Egypt-Fire-Signals-Azekah-weakening-hands-nebuchadnezzar-587BC.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... Traveling south from cEn tlawva the road followed the Arabah Valley to Yot-vata where Z. Meshel excavated a for-tress similar in plan and size (ca. 40 x 40 m). The fort at Yotvata contained a very important discovery among others: a Latin Imperial inscription. Dating to the time of Diocletian, the inscription was found outside and opposite the eastern facade ... It covers four times the area taken up by such considerable fortresses as that at Tel 'Arad, Horvat Toy, Horvat Uzza, and Tell el-Kheleifeh, coming close in size to fortified cities of this period-Beersheva, for example, which also ex-tends over an area of about 1 hectare (2.5 acres; Aharoni 1973:75, 80). During whose reign was the Stratum 5 fortress at 'En Haseva built? Thus far, the scant ceramic material recovered makes it difficult to assign a date. It was probably built in the eighth-seventh centuries BCE, during the reigns of King Uzziah and his successors. An examina-tion of the relations between Judah and Edom as they are ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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Coins of the Maccabean Hasmonean Era 166-37 BC. Messianic Star ... ... Star: Num 24:17 4QTestimonia Meshorer "K" series: This widow's mite (prutah) spells Jannaeus' name letter by letter insides each of the spokes of the star. This is a stronger messianic message ... Being a priest of Levi he was resisted in his claims since the messiah was understood to be from Judah. Hebrews 7:14 was written to directly reinforce this historic error. Star, Priest, King: Num 24:17; Zech 6:12-13 4QTestimonia Meshorer "K17" series: Double star king/priest. This rare coin has the messianic star on both sides with the same Paleo-Hebrew inscription "King the Priest" on both sides. Priest-King Zech ... He took the silver and the gold, and the costly vessels; he took also the hidden treasures that he found. Taking them all, he went into his own land. He shed much blood, and spoke with great ... And about one thousand of Bacchides' men fell that day. Then Bacchides returned to Jerusalem and built strong cities in Judea: the fortress in Jericho, and Emmaus, and Beth-horon, and Bethel, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Maccabean-Hasmonean-166-37BC.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border By Rudolph Cohen, 1985 AD String of desert fortresses uncovered in Central Negev (The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His ... And to determine who built them, we need to know as precisely as possible when they were built. The remains of a few of these fortresses were found even before World War I. In their famous ... Let me describe in more detail one of these, which I excavated in the spring of 1983. We call it Mesudat Nahal Aqrav. The first word means "fortress" in Hebrew. Aqrav, as I shall call it here, is surrounded ... Later the Israelites fled from the Midianites and built for themselves refuges in caves and mesadim (fortresses, Judges 6:2). When David fled from Saul, seeking refuge in the wilderness of Judah, ... The second part of the inscription, containing over 10 names, is apparently devoted to the Negev. Only a few of the names can be identified with cities known from the Bible. These include Arad, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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Seal of Baalis King of Bnei-Ammon: Bible Clay Bulla and seals ... ... "The nearby city fortress of Lachish provides clear proof that it had been twice burned over a short period of time, coinciding with the two captures of Jerusalem. In Lachish the imprint of a clay seal was found, its back still shows the fibers of the papyrus to which it had been attached. It reads: "The property of Gedaliah who is over the house." We meet this distinguished individual in 2 Kings 25:22, where we are told: "And as for the people that remained in the land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had left, even over them he made Gedaliah...ruler." (Elder, John. Prophets, Idols, and ... In other words it was Gedaliah's personal seal to a letter or official document which he had just written. Since the impression is dated by its archaeological context to the very end of the ... The title which he bore, "the one who is over the house," was always used to designate one of the highest royal officials (cf. Gen. 43:16 where in the Hebrew the office of Joseph's "steward" is ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-belonging-to-baalis-king-of-bnei-ammon-Jer-40-14-587bc.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... the fact that Negev ware is a distinctly regional phenomenon, never appearing in the Beersheba Valley sites, whether early (Arad, Esdar, Beersheba, Masos) or late (Arocer, Ira, Uzza, Kitmit). ... noted, these handmade vessels predominate among the pottery finds of the earlier two fortresses, but their representation declines, in proportion to the wheel-made ware, in the final fortress. ... Amalekites were still reported as settlers in the Negev Mountains as late as the time of Hezekiah, King of Judah. In 1 Chronicles 4:42-43 we find the latest date for Amalekite habitation in the Negev given ... Rothenberg, 1969 AD) "Rothenberg's dating is incompatible with the Iron Age wheel-made pottery found in these sites (most of which, we should point out, came to light after the publication of ... but by the semi-nomadic bearers of the Negev ware-were adopted by Etam in a short response to Cohen's Hebrew version of his summarizing article on the Negev fortresses (Cohen 1979; Etam 1980). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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