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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... not because it is still hidden in the ground." (Jerusalem in Bible And Archeology, David Ussishkin, Tel Aviv University, 2003, p.112). ... the site was first inhabited about the time of David in 1000 BC. We have focused primarily on the earliest and oldest fortress at Qudeirat, since it is the only part of the site that has bearing on whether Qudeirat is the Kadesh Barnea of the Bible, which we reject. ... the rectangular fortress dating from the eighth-sixth centuries B.C.E.; and a settlement which existed after the destruction of the fortress, dating from the Persian period. Only a single rectangular fortress was erected here, surrounded by a casemate wall, which 'occupied the entire site'. ... should be interpreted along the lines of Dothan's conclusions rather than Cohen's, taking into account, of course, the newly excavated data. ... granaries contained wheel-made pottery characteristic of the eighth-seventh centuries B.C.E.13 This stratigraphic conclusion cannot be accepted. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... first millennium B.C. In addition, they identified the pottery as "Syrian" in type, concluding from this that the ... According to the Bible Solomon established a maritime base at Ezion-Geber, near Eilat, in order to carry out trade with Ophir ... These fortresses consisted of a casemate wall around an inner courtyard but apart from this there was substantial variation ... towers, including those of Kadesh-barnea, Uza, and Tel Arad; (2) rectangular fortresses without towers, including those of Nahal Raviv, Qasr er-Ruheibeh, Be'er Har Boger, Mishor Ha-Ruah, and the fortress north of Kadesh-barnea; (3) ... by the kings of Israel between the 10th and the 7th centuries B.C. in order to extend royal control over the Negev, the ... The author also conducted four seasons of excavations between 1976-78 at the important fortress site of Tel Kadesh-barnea ... The size of the casemate rooms, all of which were excavated, varies: width ca. 1.50-2.00 m.; length ca. 5.50-8.00 m. A ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... In the Bible, Kadesh-barnea, also known as Enmishpat, "The Spring of Judgement" (Gen. 14:7), served as a nomadic and semi-nomadic judicial and ... A similar suggestion was advanced by Kuhtreiber. Today, most scholars accept the identification of Kadesh-barnea with Tel el-Qudeirat, especially since Woolley and Lawrence discovered at the site the remains of a rectangular fortress with eight projecting towers, which ... 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. (during the reign of Jehoshaphat), and its destruction to about the same time as that of the First Temple (586 B.C.E.). He also distinguished a phase, preceding the erection of the fortress, which he associated with the so-called "Negebite" pottery - crude, ... The fortress was entirely surrounded by an earthen glagis that rested against a buttress wall, built to the height of ca. 2.50 m. This buttress ... East of the water system, a structure consisting of a number of rooms attached to the southern casemate rooms was excavated. In one of these ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... THE WALL, 405. (16.) UNLOOKED-FOR PURSUIT, 423. (16.) THE GREAT WALL FLANKED, 425. (17.) POINTS NOW MADE clear, 429. g CONTENTS. MAPS ... 453 INDEX OF BIBLE TEXTS CITED 458 TOPICAL INDEX ... .463 INTRODUCTION. At first thought, Kadesh-barnea may seem a small subject for a large book ; and it may even be deemed a subject of minor interest in the realm of biblical and geographical research. But Kadesh-barnea was a site of importance forty centuries ago. ... [onward], . . . passing Aleppo, Ilarnath, and Emesa (where, perhaps, already the sons of Kheth were entrenched in their lake fortress). ... Hebrew (Dp~0 seems to be pierced, that is perhaps, excavated/ an appro priate name for Petra, and for the city mentioned by Abu l Feda." ... above us, we found twelve great walled ancient cisterns, round about which were lying many broken pieces of pottery, and ashes . . . ... Egypt, I., 237 /. 2 The Arabic " Tell " corresponding with the Hebrew, Tel I 7fU means " a mound, 1 "a heap/ especially a heap of ruins. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... ... chronology of the site. To this end the outline of the upper faces of the walls was excavated; near the northeastern tower, excavations were carried down to virgin soil; the interior of the central tower on the western side was examined; several walls and floors were dis-covered within the casemate wall and the fortress; and a part of the glacis on the northern side was laid bare. THE FORTRESS (Fig. 1) Click to View The fortress of Kadesh-barnea is built in the ... Above this floor, vessels were found intact among the rubble, which was often 1.5 m thick (Pl. 28, B) . Among the debris were pottery ... The pottery dates from the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. but some comes from the 9th century, including a number of ring-based jugs with a ... It is not a usual type in this country; parallels can be found, however, mainly at Tel en-Nasbeh, Lachish and Megiddo 8. At these ... of years to come. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... the areas under discussion: in Cohen's comprehensive study, Tel Beersheba and Tel Arad are beyond the limits of the ... Wilderness of Beer-sheba and the Wilderness of Zin have been surveyed, and 12 of them have been partially excavated to date. ... Only on one group do they agree: the rectangular fortresses with towers found at Kadesh-barnea and Horvat `Uza, which are dated by their distinctive features and pottery assemblages to the 8th-7th centuries B.c.1 Fig. 1. Sites in the Negeb of ... For example, the fortress at Horvat Rahba, which is some 75 m. in length, is included in the same group as Horvat Haluqim, ... to whether they were adapted to the contours of the site or whether they gave the appearance of having been ... Here it is clear that the remains do not belong to an independent casemate wall. Instead, what we have is a series of ... 33: 66-96. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... The site was surveyed in 1934 by N. Glueck, in 1937 by R. de Vaux, and in 1956 by Y. Aharoni. In 1956, M. Dothan carried out ... no independent evidence to confirm this viewpoint. (The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating, Thomas E. Levy, Higham, Bruins, ... 1965) Gunneweg also says the same: "The Iron Age II fortress of Qadesh Barnea (nowadays called Tell 'Ein el-Qudeirat) ... Negev, Midianite Pottery: Neutron Activation Analysis, Gunneweg, 1991 AD) "In fact, Ein-Qedeis is a shallow pool of water surrounded by a desert wasteland. Ein-Qedeis could not have been a major ancient center like Kadesh-Barnea. ... ... For example, at Tell el-Kheleifeh (ancient Elat) "Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; he did ... In the 8th-7th centuries a solid-walled fortress was erected on the site, and in the 7th-6th centuries B.C. a towered ... By contrast, the tower in the middle of the fortress' eastern wall projects ca. 3.50 m. from the casemate line and is ca. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... J. Rowlands was the first Westernexplorer to visit 'Ain Qedeis and identify it with Kadesh-barnea of the Bible (1845: ... tower of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. In 1912 T. Kiihtreiber entered the district and came to the same conclusion (1914). ... Furthermore, they suggested that the actual site might be localized in the fortress ruins of Tell el-Qudeirat (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 69-71). The identification of this site with biblical Kadesh-barnea generally has been accepted ever since. ... 200 X 120 ft, with square protruding towers at each of the four corners and smaller towers set in the middle of each wall. ... BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST/ SPRING 1981 95 Left: Pottery of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. found in Locus 186 of the fortress. ... Thus, it might be compared to the stone-paved sanctuary excavated at Arad, which also was situated in the northwestern part ... Israel Exploration Journal 8: 26-38. 1973 Beer-sheba I: Excavations at Beer- sheba, 1969-1971. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... A. Bible verses that indicate fortresses: "Strong holds" There is evidence from the Bible that Israel built fortresses. ... have been surveyed, and 12 of them have been partially excavated to date. (Enclosed Settlements in the Negeb, Ze'ev ... be discerned at the site: a settlement which existed 'before the construction of the fortress', apparently in the tenth century B.C.E.; the rectangular fortress dating from the eighth-sixth centuries B.C.E.; and a ... ... "[Cohen believed...] The existence of three superimposed fortresses differentiates between Kadesh-Barnea and other Negev sites, in which a single fortress was constructed. ... The pre fortress findings consisted of crude handmade pottery-mainly bowls, deep pots, and hole-mouth jars. Although ... Israelites and the population of the "city of Amalek" (Tel Masos), eventually resulting in the campaign of Saul ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... In 1961, Beno Rothenberg also surveyed the area of Nahal Horsha and Nahal Kadesh Barnea.3 In 1965, I began my own work in ... corners and sides date from the eighth to the sixth centuries B.C., considerably later in the Iron Age than the ... We now know of 11 oval fortresses. Let me describe in more detail one of these, which I excavated in the spring of 1983. We call it Mesudat Nahal Aqrav. The first word means "fortress" in Hebrew. Aqrav, as I shall call it here, is surrounded by a casemate wall, which is a wall ... Amid the ashes were the smashed remains of wheel-made pottery (that, as we shall see, enabled us to date the ... The three different shapes may be reflected in different words for fortresses used in the Bible. Professor Benjamin ... fortresses, in the Beer-Sheva Basin (Tel Beer-Sheva, level VII; Tel Masos, level I; and Tel Esdar, levels II-III). ... The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to the site still bearing that name. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress and fortified settlement. The pottery horizons suggest an occupational history from the 8th to the 6th centuries B.C. with a ... the site's stratigraphy, architecture, pottery, and other artifact data have not been published in a technical report. ... THE SITE The excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east- west (fig. 4). The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. The highest point of ... Tell el-Qudeirat (Kadesh-barnea) and Horvat `Uza. Two other fortified settlements offer instruc-tive parallels for the study of Tell ... half of the 7th to the end of the 6th century B.C.), Tel Masos (post-I; 7th century B.C.), Beth-Shemesh IIC, Arc:1'er ... Wright, G. E. 1961 The Archaeology of Palestine. Pp. 85-139 in The Bible and the Ancient Near East, ed. G. E. Wright. Garden ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... Beginning in 1993, large scale 204 Biblical Archaeologist 57:4 (1994) excavations at the site have been direct-ed by the author and Y. ... Traveling south from cEn tlawva the road followed the Arabah Valley to Yot-vata where Z. Meshel excavated a for-tress similar in plan ... The square south-eastern tower, completely uncovered, measures 11 x 11 m. Its outer walls reach approximately 1.5 m in width. Pottery ... that this is a four-chambered gate, common in fortifica-tions in Israel and Judah in the ninth—eighth centuries BCE (Stern 1990). ... and the fortress with projecting towers, like the middle and upper fortresses at Tel Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981; 1983a) and the fot tiess at Horvat Uzza (Beit-Arieh 1986), which is rectangular. It should be noted that the 'En Haseva fortress in this stratum was surrounded by both a solid outer wall and a row of casemate rooms. ... An examina-tion of the relations between Judah and Edom as they are described in the Bible reveals several possibilities. Amaziah, the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... ... There are two such minor anchors on which all the sides in this debate agree. The first is represented by the site of Jezreel excavated by Ussishkin and John Woodhead (1997). The history of Jezreel is known only from the Hebrew Bible, yet all scholars agree that ... This suggests that the same pottery assemblage continued throughout much of the 10th and 9th centuries. Such a long duration of the same assemblage was also observed at Hazor, Tel Rehov, and other sites, and this, in my view, is the key to the resolution of our debate. Another secondary ... 8 Iron Age dates: East-near Fritz's Building 200 (n = 4 samples); North-HD 10991 (n = 1 sample); and West-near the fortress gate (n = 3 samples). ... As seen on the plan in Figure 10.7, both the western and eastern ends of the passage were closed in Stratum A2b with a stone wall. These closing ... with Biblical Kadesh Barnea, the main place of sojournment of the ancient Israelites in the desert following the Exodus from Egypt (Figs. 21.1, 2). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD The fortress's inset-offset walls peak through at the perimeter of the excavated area. The wall system connects three ... Alongside this collection was a stone bowl placed on a stone stand; in the bowl was a pottery bowl that con-tained a clay ... Stratum 6 wall remains, was constructed of clay bricks and preserved to the height of approximately 1.2 m. Its floor was ... The northwestern route led to Beersheva by way of Horvat (Uza, Horvat Qitmit, Tel Malhata, Tel (Ira, and Tel Masos. ... Traveling east took one to Edom and beyond, and to the west, the road led to Kadesh-Barnea. There are several good candidates for the builders of the Stratum 5 fortress. The results of the most recent excava-tions at the site ... A look at the relations between Judea and Edom as they are described in the Bible is necessary to understand who the ... The middle fortress (Stratum 5) from the ninth-eighth centuries BCE occupies roughly four times the areal extent of contemporaneous Negev fortresses. Perhaps the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra ... Foremost, notice that the sequence is 1. River of Egypt, 2. Taphnes, 3. Ramesse, 4. Land of Goshen. Tahpanhes at Tel Defenna (Jeremiah 2:16; 43:7; ... Eusebius says Kadesh Barnea was located at Petra. Hezron Hezron = literal Hebrew: "surrounded by a wall". (Enhanced Strong's Lexicon) Addar Addar = ... They also reject the entire exodus story. You can see the caution and hesitation of the few Bible believing archeologists below who lean towards the ... reports about the excavations at Ein el-Quderat misidentified as Kadesh Barnea: a. "The earliest fortress on the site was erected seemingly on virgin soil in the 10th-9th centuries B.C.E. Its ground plan, as explained previously, has not been ... Dozens of such fortresses have been located since the survey of Woolley and Lawrence, and many have been excavated over the past 12 years-mainly by ... Judaean artifacts found at both sites include, for example, inscribed weights, pottery vessels, and Hebrew ostraca. It must be accepted, therefore, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... ... The Etham Dilemma: "The Great Backtrack when they hit THE WALL" 4. The Ignored second Red Sea camp 5. "Journey in stages" ... Josephus and Eusebius led me to target the general Petra area for the location of Kadesh Barnea. When conflicts arose between the ... You can print the maps and glue them into the back of your bible. You can use this material in public presentations and ... In Goshen (tel El-Dab'a/Avaris) several limestone fragments from the statue of the non-Egyptian Asiatic man were excavated in 1991 AD and reconstructed from the S/E section of cemetery F/I, phases H (1820-1785 BC, Low Egyptian ... Etham may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "Etham ... Chariots were built 100% of wood and floated hundreds of kilometers from the Red Sea crossing site. KEY#4 The Ignored second ... It was a great city in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Christians of Petra were persecuted by Diocletian. (The Onomasticon, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... Zeev Meshel Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite ... Among the more prominent points visible from the summit are the tip of the Qadesh Barnea oasis and the little oasis of Quseima, as well ... Its width is ca. 0.50 m, the width of the row of stones comprising it. Only the eastern third of the room has been excavated. A thin ... of ashes and charcoal indicating a hearth (between the stove and the northern wall) and a layer of ashes overlying most of the area. ... A selection of the ordinary vessels is shown in Figure 17. The pottery in general resembles that found in other fortress sites, as thoroughly demonstrated by Cohen (1986: 155-63). The ... late flakes it may have been in use during the occupation of the site.7 Perhaps it was used then as a scythe blade; this is a common ... themselves do not permit dating the site more precisely than somewhere between the end of the 11th and the 10th centuries B.C. (below). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25 ... The Chronicle of Theophanes confirms the Bible that the "Wilderness of Shur" and the land of "Shur" were in North West ... The earliest find on the site is an inscription mentioning Aretas IV (9 BC - AD 40) and pottery of the Middle Nabatean Period. It was probably founded as a road station on the secondary ... me, and I was let down in a basket through a window in the wall, and so escaped his hands." (2 Corinthians 11:32-33) Paul ... In both Paul's and Josephus' mind Arabia was Transjordan. Petra was also the location of ancient Kadesh Barnea. Coins of Aretas IV issued from AD 18-39: The author excavated this coin of ... During this Persian period Arabia included Rameses/Avaris at Tel el-Dab'a, Pithom at Tel Retaba and the Wadi Tumilat. The ... His descendants ruled over this diverse empire for the next two and a half centuries." (New Interpreter's Dictionary of the ... there is another harbor and fortified place [military fortress], which is called White Village [Greek = Leuke Kome], ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... Temple in Jerusalem have been found, but its existence, luxuriantly described in the Hebrew Bible, is undisputed. ... II) had evidently been used during the first centuries of the Divided Monarchy (Stratum III).46 Its ... Protected by a defensive wall, the settlement now covered only the peak of the tel (Stern and Beit Arieh 1979: 5-6). A single building with one large room was excavated. Its size and contents suggest sacred ... 50 km south of Kadesh Barnea. The site's location at the juncture of desert crossroads and the number of nearby wells explain its importance in antiquity. Two buildings stood on the top of the site. One was small, ... The larger (15 ˜ 25 m) building was not a typical Judaean fortress but rather a well-defended hostel with an ... Partially cleared, it was found filled with pottery and cultic objects similar to those in the Jerusalem caves ... Willett isolates domestic shrines in Israelite and Judaean houses at Tel Masos, Tell el-Farªah (N), Beersheba ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... Carmel, Haifa, Israel Website note: Raz Kletter is a modernist, Bible trashing archeologist who makes these statements ... e.g., Hadrian's wall in Britain or the Great Wall in China; for a Sassanian border wall see Trinkaus 1984: 43). ... There are marked differ-ences between these two sites: Mesad Hashavyahu is a single-period, short-lived site, while Qadesh Barnea existed throughout the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. ... Rabat Ammon 5 1 6 Tell Deir Alla 1? 1 2 Tell el-Mazar 2 2 Other Sites Kadesh Barnea 1 1 2 TOTAL 50 66 9(+1?) 9(+6?) 10(+6?) ... The area bounded, roughly, by Ekron-Gezer-Tel Batash deserves a closer look. The three sites have been extensively excavated. Despite some difficul-ties (the problematic nature of the old ... quantities (JPS, weights, rosette impressions, other pottery types, etc.); on the other hand, coastal components ... P. D. Miller, P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride. Phil-adelphia: Fortress. Holland, T. A. 1975 A Typological and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from ... Yes 35. Blindness, sight Strikes Aram army with blindness Restores site of blind man: Jn 9 36. Angels at disposal The Battle of ... (2 Chronicles 25:5-9) 15. 793 BC: After winning Battle of Kadesh Barnea: "Now after Amaziah came from slaughtering the Edomites, he ... This simple observation solves an apparent chronological contradiction that had stumped Bible students for centuries. Details: Chronology of Kings of ... Nov. Tel Dan Excavations 1 Ki 15:18-20 Tel Dan Archeological Destruction layer excavated from the Battle of Naphtali. The city gate at Dan with judgement seat and benches. ... the window" (2 Ki 9:30) is a common pagan motif found on Ivory carvings in Samaria and Egyptian stone stele and wall paintings, etc. ... in 841 BC. 1. Archaeologists recognize a new assemblage of pottery and objects came into use at this time which is attributed to ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... The springs of Ein el-Qudeirat are the richest and most abundant in the Sinai; they water the largest oasis in northern Sinai. The site today is remarkably lovely, with ... These fortresses date from the tenth to the sixth centuries B.C. and provide important data which help flesh out the tangled history of this period. Youngest of three fortresses: 700 BC (top layer, first excavated) The uppermost, and therefore latest, fortress at Kadesh-Barnea is rectangular, about 200 feet long and 135 feet wide. The walls of this fortress consist of casemates, that is, a double wall with irregularly placed cross-walls which form rooms for storage or living. ... Except for a small area paved with stone, the floors were of beaten earth. On the floor of this fortress we found many complete pottery vessels, both wheel-made and ... to the Kenites, one of the Negev's nomadic tribes which, according to the Bible, had an especially close relationship with the Israelites from the time of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... The sites excavated by Cohen have all produced remains of the typical 10th-century "four-room house" associated with ... Therefore, in order to investigate the matter of hand-made Negev pottery as well as to clarify the western boundary of the central Negev and the Judean hold on it, Cohen turned to the site of Kadesh Barnea, where he fielded an excavation in January, 1976, on behalf of the Department of Antiquities and Museums of Israel. Kadesh Barnea, known also as Tell e Qudeirat ... The tell itself (see fig. 1), surmounted by a large (60 x 41 m.), rectangular, eight-towered fortress, was first delineated ... pottery from a very long time-span — the 9th to the 7th centuries; and a post-fortress period of scattered Persian ... This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the fortress, the central tower of the eastern end, part ... Timna, p. 117. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... and Borot Loz ponds. "And above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the ... A. Date of the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud: 950 BC or 830-775 BC 1. Archeologist Cohen, who excavated Qudeirat ... Secondary use of a fortress structure build by Solomon at the end of the 8th century BC is still a possibility. ... It is important to keep this in mind because future excavations and further examinations of the pottery by biblical conservative archeologists may one day confirm Cohen's original dating of the site to the time of Solomon. b. Reductionists Finkelstein and Ussishkin, both of whom view "David and Solomon as another Bible ... The pottery and the form of the script suggests the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 8th centuries. (Did ... who captured Amaziah king of Judah, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and seized the treasures of the ... Kuntillet Ajrud is located c. 50 km. south-west of Kadesh-Barnea; hence the assumption that Kadesh-Barnea served ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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Seder Olam Rabbah modern Jewish calendar English pdf free online ... Many Dead Sea scroll fragments/scrolls/copies of Jubilees have been excavated showing it was widely read and known throughout the first ... Chronology is critical in correctly "reading" pottery, destruction layers and site occupational history. If you get the date wrong the entire ... The use of the Greek proschema (ornament), a term applied in classical literature to other impregnable fortress cities, suggests that Antipas ... After-Rabbi's death, the importance of Sepphoris as a rabbinic site did not recede. Not only did the patriarchal house and court remain in ... Talmud was largely compiled in Tiberias, and in the seventh century it was the center of Masoretic work on the text of the Hebrew Bible. ... On the 14th they slaughtered the Passover sacrifice; that was a Sabbath. Chapter 8: Kadesh Barnea 38. (Num. 1:1): "The Eternal spoke to Moses in the ... Hakhaliah . . ." Twelve years he was in the land of Israel, repairing the wall and returning every man to his town and his inherited land. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Seder-Olam-Rabbah-full-text-PDF-Free-Online-Chronology-modern-Jewish-calendar-Textual-variants-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Tanakh-Rabbinical-Judaism-160AD.htm

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Timna ... which had no defensive wall. Whereas at Site 30 no Midianite ware was found (but there was an early stage of metallurgy, known to us from fifteenth to fourteenth century Egyptian smelters of Bir Nasib in Sinai) and very little Midianite pottery was located at Site 34, ... This proved true even at the site generally identified with Kadesh-Barnea ('Ein Qudeirat). It was not occupied until the tenth century B.C.E at the earliest, and its fortress was constructed only in the ninth century." (Israelite Origins, An Interview with Frank Moore Cross, Bible Review, Aug 1992) "Frank Moore Cross: On the other hand, recent surveys of Midian have produced surprising discoveries of a developed civilization in precisely the period in question, the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, the 13th to 12th centuries. At ... relationship to several building and repair phases, as established in most excavated areas of Site 2, together with a minute stratigraphic recording of all ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ... ... Nur-Adad, Nebuchadnezzar. 105 3. Catalogue of mudbricks excavated at Eridu: 106 CHAPTER 13: Nimrod as Enmerkar. 108 I. Cast of ... Be immersed in water for the remission of your sins. Then: Attend a Bible Believing church every Sunday. Map of Nimrod's kingdom in 3200 BC ... Founded c. 3250 BC and invaded by Nimrod in 3000 BC. Located near source of Euphrates River. 11. El-Beidha: En Mishpat (Gen 14:7), Kadesh Barnea, ... Alternate Sumerian name for Biblical Babel and location of the Tower of Babel. Archaeological site name is Tel Abu Shahrain. 14. Habuba Kabria: Walled ... Ubaid assemblages were replaced by Uruk assemblages at the Uruk 3 expansion when the city was burned, and a wall was built. Located 100 km ... near Babel (Eridu). The Ubaid Archaeological Ages are based upon pottery and object assemblages found during excavations at Tel Ubaid. 28. ... If Nimrod lived centuries after the Tower of Babel, then the huge focus the Holy Spirit places on an obscure and irrelevant person becomes ... ... https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm

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Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ... ... Fourth, while no fires, tabuns or hearths of any kind were excavated at Beidha, three large fireplaces were found at Basta, one in each of ... PPN sites are dated with naturalistic evolutionary thinking and timescales solely on the basis of the lack of pottery. Carbon dating is ... Steven Rudd, 2006, October 2019 A. Dating the time of occupation: 1. Associating any PPN site with the Hebrews at Kadesh Barnea in the Late Bronze Age (1444-1440 BC) is ... These were followed by a settlement gap that lasted several centuries. Later, two successive pottery phases developed: the Pottery ... In this chapter, 13 reliable radiometric determinations from three Neolithic sites (Ashkelon, Sha'ar Hagolan, and Tel 'Ali) are presented. ... This kind of layout of the wall grid at the beginning of the work on the terrace shows that in addition to planning height and extension ... a unique period of history. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... Elat and Ezion-geber: Twin cities Click to View Click to View Tell el-kheleifeh Fortress at Elat: (near Ezion-Geber) (One of Solomon's ... One of the critical factors of Ezion-Geber, is that it was one stop before the 11 day journey from Mt. Sinai to Kadesh Barnea (Deut 1:2), by way of ... If archeologists had merely read the Bible, they would have used it as a guide to look in the right place. "The first one to suggest the ... 1965 AD, he re-evaluated some of his conclusions and rejected the site as Ezion-geber: "We find ourselves compelled in their light and in ... Ezion-Geber is located on the other side of the Gulf of Aqaba, under the modern shipping docks. The same Midianite pottery was discovered ... In the absence of a systematic excavation, the dating of the perimeter wall, as well as the harbor and jetties, must be conjectural. Some ... north of Eilat, has produced evidence of an Egyptian mining operation in the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age I (14th-12th centuries B.C.). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... ... The Roman road that was recently excavated 15 feet below the current surface level which, proves that the Siq is a dead relic canyon ... Since they spent 38 years at Kadesh, the tombs were where the dead Israelites were kept. c. The Nabateans found the site continued in ... See our map page for more details. 12. After a careful research of the Bible and history and archeology, it is evident that Kadesh Barnea was located in the general Petra area. a. The population ... The Edomites moved into the Petra area after centuries after the Hebrews abandoned the city. Kadesh Barnea was renamed Sela "rock": ... Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell el-kheleifeh was built on a hill 500 meters from the shore of the Red Sea less than 12 feet above ... It rarely rains in Petra, but occasionally rain up to thirty miles away can send a wall of water hurtling through the Siq gorge. ... G. Pottery of Nabatean Petra: "Conclusions: 5.1 Pottery manufacture in Petra: 1. The samples in G XV, the sample group local to Petra ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca introduction: Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, Nico ... Click to View Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king ... In these cases the broken pottery was a cheap and abundant paper to write on. "In the late monarchic period, the time of these ... In 597, while Nebuchadnezzar's army was invading Judah from the north, the fortress was captured and destroyed again, ... of view, the most important of the 180 ostraca (and a few bulla) excavated at Arad 1962-1967 Ad are the four we have chosen to in this study. We have added one from Tel Ira (Ramah-Negev) for a total of five in this study. a. ... context, the Hebrew ostraca come from the 10th-6th centuries, the Aramaic from the 5th-4th centuries, the Greek from ... The outstanding innovation here is the addition of an interior wall parallel to the whole southern wall of the fortress. Thus ... in the middle of each side, similar to the fortresses of Kadesh-Barnea [Ein Qudeirat] and Hot-vat Uzza.'2 Along the western side ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-Arad-18-24-40-88-letters-refugee-temple-YHWH-edomite-threat-troops-edom-Ramah-Negev-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Neco-II-Egypt-Jehoiakim-Zedekiah-Judah-608-597bc.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... Moab, and especially Edom, should be considered mainly as 'tented kingdoms', likewise, in at any rate the 13th to perhaps the 9th centuries BC, ... For example, as the westernmost limit of Edom is not indicated in the Bible except by its relation to Kadesh-barnea, that limit now passes from an unknown to a known quantity, by the fixing of a site which is described as just beyond it. So, also, the traditional Mount ... a series of Hebrew letters recovered from the excavation of the fortress at Arad by the late Yohanan Aharoni, the Edomites are also mentioned. ... to use the language found on the Hebrew ostracon (an inscribed pottery sherd)." (New Light on the Edomites, Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, BAR 14:02, ... There is no doubt about the physical readings of Moab, Dibon or Butartu; prolonged study and recollations were devoted to the wall specifically ... in modern Jordan. The Edomites attacks the Ramah-Negev fortress (Tel Ira) triggering king Zedekiah to write letters to the fortress commanders. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rolalyn-maqsood-petra ... not know the arts of making pottery or weaving; their tools and weapons were of unworked flint which they later learned to work and polish. ... Although they do not play anything like as significant a part in this text as they do in the Bible, they are connected with some of the most ... to the Petra basin and it became the storing 'place for plunder. As the trade route by-passed the actual city site this was quite easy to do. ... and welcomed the Muslim forces as liberators. There is no information on the history of Petra in the first centuries of the Arab period. ... A fortress on the summit of Al-Habis was a solitary look-out. Both were abandoned at the end of the twelfth century. When the Crusaders were ... Many ancient peoples practised a cult of the dead. This can most readily be seen whenever graves are excavated, and evidence is found of ... The spring has been enclosed now in a small building with three white domes (it looks like a mosque) and bubbles out from under a stone wall ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rosalyn-maqsood-petra-a-travelers-guide-1994ad.htm

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King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ... ... book of Judges solved Introduction: 1. Jeroboam is painted in the Bible as the Satan child in leading all Israel into spiritual harlotry, ... uncovered, built directly against the outer wall of the bamah (Fig. 13 ); this stairway is in part superimposed over the earlier masonry. ... The monumental steps belong to the second stage in the building of the bamah. A sounding under the steps revealed pottery from the mid-9th ... centuries, or even as late as the Hellenistic and Roman periods, when the area of the bamah was further enlarged by extending the enclosure. The marble statue of Aphrodite found in the fields near the mound (Fig. 15 ) may well have been located originally at the site of our bamah." (Tel Dan, ... If other sites in Israel were as extensively excavated, would they too yield as many shrines?) The bamah just described is located well ... Golden Calf at Sinai Exodus 32:35 + 1 Cor 10:8 14,700 killed by God Kadesh Barnea Numbers 16:49 24,000 killed by God At Shittim near Jordan ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm

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The Wilderness of Zin, C. Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence ... ... The work, however, was plausible, and has unfortunately been accepted by biblical geographers (e.g., Hastings' Bible Dictionary, art. ... There were eight poor ring-graves, some sherds of Byzantine pottery, and a few rough stone foundations that might in courtesy be called a ... It is quite a narrow valley, edged by hill slopes so precipitous and lofty that it may well be called a gorge. On the south the wall of these ... to the rethem trees. (It is perhaps worth noting that Trumbull (Kadesh-Barnea p. 280) suggests that Moses may have mistaken this Christian ... be a very good site for water-gardens, and probably on the abandonment of these the Arab conquerors took the ground as a suitable graveyard. ... classical ornament moulded in relief on the outside, which occur plentifully in North Syria in deposits of the 2nd and 1st centuries B.c. ... In our view the plan of the building is superior to its execution. Fig. 8: Fortress at Ain el Guderat We dug into one of the rooms on the top ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-woolley-lawrence-the-wilderness-of-zin-1914-1915ad.htm

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Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ... Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is ... The author has excavated Ephraim (John 11, Khirbet Maqatir) and documented the 8 women and children killed by the Romans in a cavernous ... the city, and its gates and its wall." (Revelation 21:15) 2. Initial Peace: All three started prophesying during a time of peace: a. ... The location of Kadesh Barnea is on the border of Edom: 1. Most Bible maps today place Kadesh at Qudeirat, which is wrong because it is no where near the border of Edom in 1446 BC 2. ... Zedekiah issues orders to Malchijah, the troop commander at the Arad fortress, to send troops from Arad and the nearby Kinah fortress, ... Arad Ostracon #40 (Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "We won't send troops" 597 BC) is a letter written on a broken pottery sherd ... David fled Saul from his palace at Gibeah (Tel el-Ful) to Nob (Mount of Olives) and ate the showbread then Saul slaughtered the priests ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc

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Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ... This would be the best explanation for the occupation layer that preexisted the fortress Solomon built at the site. David and Solomon captured and controlled the transjordan territory of Edom about 1000 BC. All this fits nicely with what Thomas Levy excavated at KEN. Edom lived Transjordan from 1446 BC down to the Babylonian captivity, when they moved into the vacant territory of Judah in about 586 BC. Also familiarize yourself with the location of Kadesh Barnea at Petra which is just north ... several centuries earlier, rooted in local processes of social evolution and interaction amongst the smaller Iron Age 'statelets' of the southern Levant (Edom, Moab, Ammon, Israel, Judah, Philistia, etc.)." (Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, 2004 AD) Problem with all this is that the Bible says Edom was ... We note that in both published works by Levy on Khirbat en-Nahas, they have not uncovered anything that specifically ties the site to the Edomites. The pottery they ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm

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Historical search for Kadesh Barnea from 1000 BC - Present For the last 100 years, archeologists were "digging in the wrong place" to find Kadesh. Kadesh, in fact, is not located anywhere near the place almost all Bible maps say it is (ei. Qudeirat) but 100 km east at or near Petra. ... When they learned that Ein el Qudeirat is the largest natural water supply in the entire Sinai, they immediately declared they had found Kadesh Barnea. As they excavated the site, they were unaware that they were actually digging up a fortress built by Solomon in 950 BC to protect Judah's southern border, they falsely ... But just as the separation of the mountains of the Amorites from the northern wall of the Azazimat, by the Wady Murreh, is concealed by the link which connects the two together to the east of Eboda; so do the projecting ... They made many mistakes typical of the science of archeology of the time. For example, at Tell el-Kheleifeh (ancient Elat) "Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; he did not realize this common ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-historical-search.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor Kuntillet Ajrud Ze'ev Meshel Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) KUNTILLET (AJRUD (M.R. ... A. Location B. Initial Exploration of the Site C. Recent Excavations 1. Structural and Pottery Remains a. The Western Structure b. The Eastern Structure 2. Textile Remains 3. Epigraphic Remains 4. Artistic Remains D. Conclusion A. Location Kuntillet cAtrild is located approximately 50 km south of Kadesh-barnea and about 15 km W of Darb el-Ghazza, a road which since ... The plan initially seems to resemble a small fortress, similar in appearance to the Israelite citadel-with-towers found at Kadesh-barnea, Arad, and `Uza. ... At a height of about 1.2 m a middle layer of (mostly tamarisk) branches was placed lengthwise and crosswise, thereby strengthening the wall by forming an ... Most of the artistic parallels are dated to the 9th-7th centuries, generally corroborating the conclusion that the site was occupied around the year 800 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm

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The Ahoroni Fortress at Quseima: One of Solomon's network of ... The summit was able to watch over three of four springs in the area. Only Qedeis was out of visual site. Quseima is the center of a four major ancient ... The border between Egypt and Israel as stated in the Bible, is the wadi el-Arish. The family of three military border fortresses built in 950 BC by Solomon at Quseima, Qudeirat and Qedeis proves our point that they cannot be used a proof that this is where Kadesh Barnea was located. The Ahoroni Fortress near Quseima, Egypt is one of over 50 outposts built by ... true to his multistage theory, dates the whole process to the end of the 11th and beginning of the 10th centuries (Finkelstein and Perevolotsky 1990: 78). ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, and it was built at the very edge ... Click to View D. Negev pottery found at Quseima: More on Negev Pottery. The main finds, as stated, were potsherds. Not one complete or even restorable vessel ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-quseima-ahoroni.htm

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Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: The fortress of Ein Haseva was one of many built by Solomon ... hand made pottery in establishing a specific date, like wheel made pottery, does not change the fact that if the site was built by Solomon, we would expect to find Negevite war. The absence, not the presence of this pottery is what would disqualify Solomon as the builder. The key here, is that the modern choice of Kadesh Barnea located at Qudeirat, is clearly wrong. ... The Stratum 5 fortress, the largest and best-preserved of the three, has been ascribed to the ninth-eighth centuries BCE. The latest fortress (Stratum 4), ... Perhaps the site should be regarded as a small administrative city, like the Judean fortified city of Tel Beersheba, rather than a large fortress. Courtesy ... Stratum 5: Click to View Click to View By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... One exception was the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud, which lacked Negev pottery. "Surprisingly, the site yielded no "Negeb-type pottery" supposedly associated with the no-madic inhabitants of the area." (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) ... and consider this quite adequate for our purpose." (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev ... between them and the Israelites (e.g., 1 Sam 15:6)" (Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) However it might ... It is our opinion that Solomon's soldiers made Negev pottery while manning the forts of remote locations like Qudeirat. We must keep in mind ... B. Rothenberg's research in the Timna-Eilat area has shown that its origins may be several centuries earlier (1972: 153-54), and now, since the ... Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; he did not realize this common wheel-made pottery was far more ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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Beidha, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea: mass food production ... Both round and rectangular cities had no pottery. In other words, all the miraculous reasons why we might not find pottery at the site during the time of Moses would not ... in 1446 BC but since they arrived in Kadesh Barnea in 1444 BC exactly two years after leaving Egypt. "Then the sons of Israel, the whole congregation, came to the wilderness of Zin in the first month; and the people stayed at Kadesh." Numbers 20:1 3. After a careful research of the Bible and history, it became evident that Kadesh was either at or just 5 km ... two features were used in all three occupation levels: The village wall and the stone lined pit in Phase C building 81: "The latest phase B ... Many tools and jewelry were excavated in the small rooms in every stage of production. These rooms were tool factories not residential dwellings to sleep ... The wall is in fact, what preserved the entire archeological tel from water erosion from the wadi that passes directly by the city. In ancient times, this ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-beidha.htm

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Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 ... The new religious inscriptions from the Sinai The book of Kings describes a time during the 9th-7th centuries B.C. when the land was divided into two ... El, a generic term for God, is also used in the Bible to refer specifically to the Hebrew God. But the religious inscriptions from Kuntillet Ajrud also ... on a hill which rises beside the Wadi Quraiyaa. Old maps reveal that the site is a crossroads of desert tracks: one leads from Gaza through Kadesh-Barnea to Eilat; another traverses the Sinai along the Wadi Quraiya; and a third ... But since Palmer's day archaeologists have learned a great deal about pottery dating. After the 1967 Six-Day War we came to the site and by examining the ... A few years later I led the archaeological expedition to Kuntillet Ajrud on behalf of Tel Aviv University (Institutes of Archaeology, and of Nature ... Quraiya—were placed between the stone courses, some lengthwise and others crosswise, forming an intermediate course which acted as a binder for the wall. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-did-yahweh-have-a-consort-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-1979ad.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... Zertal to read this paper on the Exodus being at 1446 BC, not 1250 BC. The altar changed him from a Bible skeptic to a Bible believer. ... AD 2022: Multi-spectral scanning project of plaster excavated by Adam Zertal: 1. Scripture said Joshua's altar was plastered, and the ... pottery] fix a date for the construction of the altar - approximately 1250 B.C.E." (Adam Zertal 2004 AD) Zertal is the author of "A Nation is Born: The Mt. Ebal Altar and the Beginnings of the Nation of Israel". See also: (Zertal, A. 1986/87 An Early Iron Age Cultic Site on Mt. Ebal: Excavation Seasons 1982-1987. Tel ... I also assisted in reconstruction of the outer temenos wall of the altar under Adam Zertal's personal supervision. Click to View . Click ... who say that scribes wrote different portions of Pentateuch centuries apart and that the Pentateuch as we have it today, did not ... stone installation was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress and not an altar (Kempinski 1986; Dever 1992b: 32-34; Fritz 1993: 185). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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Midianite Pottery: The designer import of the ancient world. ... Today the Timna types of Midianite ware are dated to the fourteenth to twelfth centuries c and there is good archaeological evidence for its origin in north-west Arabia, in the area of Midian. Indeed, the survey ... of Timna which had no defensive wall. Whereas at Site 3o no Midianite ware was found (but there was an early stage of metallurgy, known to us from fifteenth to fourteenth century Egyptian smelters of Bir Nasib in Sinai) and very little Midianite pottery was located at Site 34, a large quantity of Midianite ware was found at the unwalled sites of Timna and also in the excavation of Site 2 where it appears from the very ... C. Midianite pottery found at Qudeirat. Qudeirat is where most people wrongly believe Kadesh Barnea is located. It is virtually on every Bible map produced for the last 75 years. They have found Midianite pottery at Qudeirat: The upper fortress, as mentioned above, was extremely rich in ceramic remains. ... There were also two characteristically delicate ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-midianite-pottery.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... ... King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a follow-up letter on another pottery sherd to Eliashib, the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress on ... Tel Malhata is identified with Malatha, an Idumean fortress in the late Second Temple period and later a fort garri-soned. Al-though the names Moladah and ... For the excavations of Tel Malhata, see Kochavi 1993, with earlier literature; Eldar and Baumgarten 1993; Beit-Arieh 1998." (Ostracon 40 from Arad reconsidered, ... for the first time in history, move into the Judean Negev. See outline on Edom and more information below. The current location of Kadesh Barnea in every almost Bible map today is wrong. ... What causes "intrusive" artifacts? Why are "intrusive" artifacts from one time period, professionally excavated from a locus or stratum of a different time ... However, no eighth century letter written on a potsherd has been discovered in any site in Palestine, including Arad, after more than a century of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... Surface and topographic mapping at the large copper-working site of Khirbat en-Nahas was followed by stratigraphic excavations at an ancient fortress and two metal processing facilities located on the site surface. ... imperialism was felt in the region from the eighth - sixth centuries BC. Keywords: Iron Age, Levant, Edom, copper-working, ... century beginnings primarily because it is linked with issues concerning the historicity of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible. ... for a linkage between the Iron Age archaeological evidence at Tel Rehov, historical Egyptian events and Biblical texts during the ... In fact, the dating of pottery sequences from the Edomite plateau are tied to the seventh and sixth centuries BC largely by a ... for palaeobotanical and fuel resource studies (Engel 1993, 1996) and Volkmar Fritz excavated one building at the site (Fritz 1996). ... Stratum A3 represents the original stage of the fortified wall perimeter, including the gate structure. Due to the intensive ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #24: Letter from Zedekiah to send troops ... ... Arad Ostracon #40 (Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "No troops sent" 597 BC) is a letter written on a broken pottery sherd from Gemariah to his father ... Tel Malhata is identified with Malatha, an Idumean fortress in the late Second Temple period and later a fort garri-soned. Al-though the names Moladah and ... For the excavations of Tel Malhata, see Kochavi 1993, with earlier literature; Eldar and Baumgarten 1993; Beit-Arieh 1998." (Ostracon 40 from Arad reconsidered, ... for the first time in history, move into the Judean Negev. See outline on Edom and more information below. The current location of Kadesh Barnea in every almost Bible map today is wrong. ... p 46, 1981 AD) The excavation reports for Arad Ostracon #24 are: Arad was excavated 1962-1967 AD. "Ostracon 40 from Arad was published by Y. Aharoni (1970: ... the borrowing of the alphabet by the Greeks, circa the tenth and ninth centuries B.C.E. Footnote 16. M. Heltzer, Some Northwest Semitic Epigraphic Gleanings ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad24-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-life-and-death-matter-Eliashib-Malchijah-Elisha-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Edom-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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The Onomasticon by Eusebius (325AD) and the Exodus route ... Eusebius goes even further and says that Kadesh Barnea is located at Petra. Eusebius represents the views of the time of queen Helena, who chose the site for ... It was a great city in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Christians of Petra were persecuted by Diocletian. Rekem. It is also Petra, city of Arabia, "whose ruler ... The other (true) Cades extends up to the desert of the Saracens." Of course the Bible does not say that Gerar is between Kadesh Barnea and Shur, but that Abraham lived there, then moved and sojourned near ... The Madaba Map using Jerome's spelling has located properly Mampsis. Many Nabatean, Roman-Byzantine levels excavated at Kuroub. It shows a revival in the ... The Madaba Map copies Eusebius with all three names listed: "Balak which is also Sēgōr or now Zoora" and picturing a fortress with palm trees. Zoora is also ... summarized from I Samuel 15:7, Exodus 15:22, and Numbers 27:14. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Gerara, he saw a chewing of the cud or a garden wall" (66). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-eusebius-onomasticon-323ad.htm

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