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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... On the basis of the potsherds found in the debris they dated the fortresses to sometime in the late second to early first millennium B.C. In addition, they identified the pottery as "Syrian" in type, concluding from this that the fortresses had not been ... became evident that a veritable fortress network had once existed in the Central Negev. These fortresses consisted of a casemate wall around an inner courtyard but apart from this there was substantial variation in groundplan and architectural detail. ... Glueck and Aharoni maintained that the fortresses had been erected by the kings of Israel between the 10th and the 7th centuries B.C. in order to extend royal ... The gate, on the southeastern side of the fortress, was extensively damaged by the foundation trenches of a later structure built over it. The pottery remains, ... The remains of a nearby settlement can be seen along three tributaries of Nahal Haroca; it consists of 25 buildings, including seven of the so-called "four- room... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... And to determine who built them, we need to know as precisely as possible when they were built. The remains of a few of these fortresses were found even before World War I. ... important military airfields from Sinai to the Central Negev, I directed a number of emergency rescue excavations of ... corners and sides date from the eighth to the sixth centuries B.C., considerably later in the Iron Age than the other ... casemate walls enclosing a central courtyard. The most common plan is the oval. We now know of 11 oval fortresses. Let me describe in more detail one of these, which I excavated in the spring of 1983. We call it Mesudat Nahal Aqrav. The first word means "fortress" in Hebrew. Aqrav, as I shall call it here, is surrounded by a casemate wall, ... West of this northern gateway was a square room, about 13 feet on a side, that had evidently served as a lookout tower. ... Amid the ashes were the smashed remains of wheel-made pottery (that, as we shall see, enabled us to date the fortress), ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... In the past three seasons of excavations most of the casemate rooms have been exposed in all four sides of the fortress. Their sizes vary considerably: width, from ca. 2-3 m.; length, from ca. 5-10 m. The ... Additional rooms were built in the courtyard against the southern casemate wall. The location of the gate has not yet been determined. The beaten-earth floors of the casemate rooms were covered with an ash layer, in which were found both wheel-made and "Negev" pottery. The wheel-made vessels belong to the standard repertoire of the 7th-6th centuries B.C. and include bowls, juglets, oil-lamps, cooking-pots, and flasks (fig. 12). Among the "Negev" pottery were oil-lamps and several small bowls. The northernmost room in the eastern casemate wall, which was especially rich in pottery finds, also yielded fragments of an ostracon, on which were a number of lines in ancient Egyptian writing. Two Hebrew ostraca were found in the central courtyard; the first features three consecutive ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... Hebron, as well as branching off toward the Arabah and Edom; and the road which led south of the Central Negev to Eilat (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 71). ... To this end, the lines of the outer walls were exposed; the interior of one of the central towers was explored; and a sounding was taken down along a ... The location of the gate still could not be determined, though the excavator suggested that either it had been situated in the northern rampart wall and ... The wheel-made pottery finds were mainly from the 8th-7th centuries B.c.E., though some seemed a century earlier. This 9th-century B.C.E. dating suggested ... Top: Animal figurine of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. found in the fortress. Below left: Jars in the casemate room on the western side of the fortress; Below right: Wheel-made cooking pot of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. ... the Persian period in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. A few structures were built at the eastern end of the courtyard, and the associated finds included the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... ... characteristic of the central Negev. A settlement phase could also be observed following the destruction of the fortress, which continued through the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. This phase yielded pottery characteristic of the ... built over the remains of its predecessor, covering a time span from the 10th century B.C.E. to the destruction of the First Temple. The site was occupied by an unwalled settlement during the Persian period following the destruction of the last fortress (5th-4th centuries ... A structure uncovered in the northwestern corner of the site comprised a number of chambers, including a rectangular room (ca. 6 x 4 m.) with a stone bench running along its walls. On the ash-covered floors of the casemate rooms ... The fortress was entirely surrounded by an earthen glagis that rested against a buttress wall, built to the height of ca. 2.50 m. ... Wheelmade pottery characteristic of the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. was found on the floors of the rooms of the middle fortress ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... is a series of sites dating to the Iron Age. They invariably consist of some sort of fortress surrounding or adjacent to a small settlement. ... The sites excavated by Cohen have all produced remains of the typical 10th-century "four-room house" associated with Israelite settlements ... which consists of a few, relatively simple forms found only at sites in the central and southern Negev. While the wheel-made pottery is quite well known, the origin and development of the hand-made vessels are problematic. ... time-span — the 9th to the 7th centuries; and a post-fortress period of scattered Persian remains.6 Cohen was curious about a number of things. ... Perhaps there was more to the history of the place than had been realized. Dothan had thought that the casemate walls of the fortress had been built almost on the wadi floor, with a huge ... This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the fortress, the central tower of the eastern end, part of the courtyard area, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... desert routes in antiquity: (1) the Way of Shur, leading from Edom and the Aravah down to Egypt; and (2) the way from Eilat and the Central Negev to Arad and Hebron. ... The walls of this fortress consist of casemates, that is, a double wall with irregularly placed cross-walls which form rooms for storage or living. These rooms are ... The fortress interior was densely built up. Parallel to the casemate walls on all four sides was a row of rooms, enclosing a central courtyard. Except for a small area paved with stone, the floors were of beaten earth. On the floor of this fortress we found many complete pottery vessels, both wheel-made and hand-made, including bowls, jugs, juglets, storage jars, pithoib, oil lamps, cooking pots, and flasks, all belonging to the seventh-sixth centuries B.C. Two especially lovely juglets were of ... One of the most important finds was a large ostracon discovered in 11 fragments on the floor of a casemate room located in the southern wall of the upper fortress. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress and fortified settlement. The pottery horizons suggest an occupational history from the 8th to the 6th centuries ... stratigraphy, architecture, pottery, and other artifact data have not been published in a technical report. ... The deepest excavated level, reportedly to virgin soil, was in Room 113 (fig. 5; Square 1:6) at — 1.53 m, below benchmark level. The difference in height between the deepest wall foundation of the western casemate perimeter and the top of the ... Eight installa-tions, interpreted as hearths or ovens, were found in this casemate unit. This building, ... friable, smoke-blackened pots, many of which were built up on a mat, and most of which have various simple ... it to the nomadic and seminomadic dwellers of the Negev, specifically the "Kenites, Rechabites, ... fortress, is similar in architectural plan to the central Negev fortress tradition (Cohen 1979; cf. also ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... argued that the settlement and fortress complex in the Central Negev represented a natural extension of the ongoing ... Fortresses with casemate walls were built in Palestine from the 11th century to the 7th century B.C.E. From the ceramic finds, ... However, it is also possible that the fortress was built by Uzziah, who reigned in Judah circa 784-733 B.C.E., and who also ... Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) Cohen dismisses the view of Dothan of the "pre-fortress" period based upon Negev ware pottery alone: "The wheel-made pottery finds were mainly from the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E., though some seemed a century earlier. ... In the author's opinion, the wheel-made pottery found in the excavations and surveys of the first three fortress types clearly ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, ... suitable to accommodate whole families, while the single-room casemates fit the requirements of a military garrison." ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... ... The summit is not completely level Fig. 4. An aerial view of the fortress. Looking east. Fig. 5. General plan. but slopes down ... the remains of the walls were raised by heaping up stones, and the room was divided into three. These walls are poorly and irregularly built: they are not straight and their courses are irregular. ... No Negev sherds were found. Locus 15 (Figure 13). This was a casemate with a stone bench along its walls, similar in plan to Locus 9. Of the southern outer wall, which was built here directly over the slope, there remains only the inner face, built of stones on the average 0.55 x ... Not one complete or even restorable vessel was found. As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the pottery was of two ... do not permit dating the site more precisely than somewhere between the end of the 11th and the 10th centuries B.C. (below). ... main problem: Were the "Negev fortresses" the result of a central initiative, directed by a single authority from the outside,9 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... map (Cohen 1980: fig. 1); and in Aharoni's summary (1976) the central Negev sites are hardly mentioned. ... For example, the fortress at Horvat Rahba, which is some 75 m. in length, is included in the same group as ... The wheel-turned vessels found in the Negev fortresses are dated by Cohen exclusively to the 10th century B.C., and he thus attributes these sites to the reign of Solomon (Cohen 1980: 77-78). According to Meshel, however, this pottery cannot be dated any more precisely than the 11 th- 10th centuries B.C. On historical ... that it is difficult to imagine that this king built defensive systems to fortify the southern border of ... witness to the first stone-built dwelling, apparently of thefour-room house type, constructed near the well. ... While the small forts are surrounded by two parallel walls forming typical casemates, this clear-cut casemate ... Here it is clear that the remains do not belong to an independent casemate wall. Instead, what we have is a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD ... Alongside this collection was a stone bowl placed on a stone stand; in the bowl was a pottery bowl that con-tained a clay lamp. Nearby ... No floors were found and, like the casemate-rooms, the storerooms were filled with earth. A long parallel corri-dor (ca. 3.5 m in ... The outer wall of the second gra-nary, which stood to the north of the long storeroom complex and was built above Stratum 6 wall ... The impressive southwestern corner, built of large silex blocks, is preserved to the height of more than a meter. It appears to be a fortress, similar in plan to those found at several Iron Age sites in the central Negev (Cohen 1995). Diggers retrieved a complete handmade Negbite cooking-pot, made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... to the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE. The Iron Age History of 'En Haseva The history of (En Haseva is a rich and varied one. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... ... However, the period of Joash king of Israel (ca. 801-786 B.C.E.), who captured Amaziah king of Judah, broke down the wall ... from the 10th to the 5-4th centuries B.C.E. forms the background to the above view. According to Cohen, it included three successive governmental fortresses built by the kings of Judah. If that is so, Kadesh-Barnea must have been a central station on the long route from Israel and Judah to Kuntillet 'Ajrud. ... B. The structure, finds a lack of Negev ware pottery found: More on Negev Pottery. "The Western Structure. The walls of structure ... found at Kadesh-barnea, Arad, and `Uza. Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls typical of these fortresses, and its remains are unusual for a fortress and suggest a different type of function altogether." (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) "From the court area, one entered the main structure proper by first passing through a small gate room (locus ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... ... We know this, because the Edomites never lived in the Negev until after the Babylonian captivity of 586 AD. Therefore, Ezion ... the modern city of Aqaba, Jordan. 4. Flinder agrees with us that if there is possibly and undiscovered fortress of Solomon. ... Egypt built and were in full function at the time of the exodus of 1446 BC. "Now we must turn to the difficult problem of dating. In the absence of a systematic excavation, the dating of the perimeter wall, as well as ... Pottery found on the island by Rothenberg in 1972 and a small quantity collected by us in 1968 has been dated to Iron Age I (1200-930 ... Eilat, has produced evidence of an Egyptian mining operation in the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age I (14th-12th centuries B.C.). ... The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress and fortified settlement. ... Shiloh suggests that the monumental four-room buildings, including the Tell el-Kheleifeh structure, functioned as citadels. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... ... Table 21.1. Iron Age radiocarbon dates from north-eastern Sinai and the Central Negev. Tell el-Qudeirat Fortresses Woolley and Lawrence ... dating was taken by Bruins (1981) from this ash layer at a level of 18.73 m and at a distance of 80 cm east from the revetment wall. ... highest relative probability, covers both the 10th and 9th centuries BCE. Cohen suggested that the Middle Fortress was built during the time of King Uzziah, ca. 769-733 BCE, and destroyed ... The Lower Fortress had an elliptical ground plan, about 27 m in diameter, with casemate rooms around a central courtyard. In addition, several buildings and silos were found to the west of the fortress. Many types of pottery vessels were found in the ash covered floors of the casemate rooms (Cohen ... below the fortress, above the western bank of nahal Ha'Elah. Hillside conduit channels carried runoff water to the cistern. Remnants of an Iron Age settlement, consisting of 10 structures, including a 4-room house and single ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... rabbinic substitutions for Temple sacrifice in the centuries after the Temple's final destruction in 70 C.E. 12 For ... The Fortress Temple was located just inside the north city gate (Bull 1960: 116; G. E. Wright 1978: 1085 top). Built on ... Shiloh Shiloh, in the Central Highlands, was first occupied in the MB IIB period. In the MB IIC period, massive defense ... All that remains of the building is a courtyard floor cut by a favissa filled with broken pottery of "cultic character." ... Tel Haror, a large MB IIC walled city on the north bank of Wadi Gerar in the Negev Desert, contains a well-preserved fortress temple and cultic complex. A mudbrick wall enclosed buildings, a courtyard and various installations. One room, 10 ˜ 10 m contains niches and low ... Cylindrical stands with red and blue paint on a white background, topped by large bowls, were found with other vessels ... Several partition walls turned the corridor between the two "boxes" into a casemate-like series of chambers (Hennessy ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... altar of Joshua's altar and the circular altar as part of four room house that predated the arrival of Joshua by 25-50 years. ... fragments were also very similar. The central platform was built close on the heels of the lower phase and in relation to it. ... In 2004 Zertal dates the rectangular altar to 1250 BC. "More important, however, is that they [the pottery discovered] fix a date ... he assigns to Level II. "Animal bones from Level II have been found in the area of the courtyards; these bones are not burnt and ... the space between the Level II revetment wall and the Level I wall with medium-size stones to make a sturdy temenos wall that supported the courtyards. At the same time, says Zertal, they built the altar. ... who say that scribes wrote different portions of Pentateuch centuries apart and that the Pentateuch as we have it today, did not ... installation was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress and not an altar (Kempinski 1986; Dever 1992b: 32-34; Fritz 1993: 185). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... There were some 50 fortresses in the Negev that Solomon built and there is a similarity in the types of pottery found at them all including Negev pottery. One exception was the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud, which lacked Negev pottery. "Surprisingly, the site yielded no "Negeb-type pottery" supposedly associated with the no-madic ... away from home either as soldiers or miners. "Another common denominator of the Negev fortresses besides the casemate structure, is Negev ware (Cohen 1986: 385-94). ... B. Rothenberg's research in the Timna-Eilat area has shown that its origins may be several centuries earlier (1972: 153-54), and now, since the excavations at ... and hill fortresses in the Central Negev predate the Israelite conquest of Palestine and already existed as fortified Amalekite villages at the time of the Exodus. ... retrieved a complete handmade Negbite cooking-pot, made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... for a longer period of time built over the oval one, whereas Cohen sees two rectangular fortresses built and destroyed sequentially. ... they are based were only partially published.3 Nevertheless, we possess sufficient data to question some of his central conclusions. ... tenth century B.C.E.; the rectangular fortress dating from the eighth-sixth centuries B.C.E.; and a settlement which existed after the destruction of the fortress, dating from the Persian period. Only a single rectangular fortress was erected here, surrounded by a casemate wall, which 'occupied the entire site'. ... of three superimposed fortresses differentiates between Kadesh-Barnea and other Negev sites, in which a single fortress was constructed. ... The gate to the 'middle fortress' was not found, although the outer face of the fortress wall was uncovered along all four sides. ... contained wheel-made pottery characteristic of the eighth-seventh centuries B.C.E.13 This stratigraphic conclusion cannot be accepted. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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Timna did not built a fortress at Timna. A logical reason would be that Khirbat en-Nahas needed a fortress since it was a hostile take over, whereas Timna was restarting a mining operation that had been dormant for 300 years. Also, the fortress at ... Egyptian sources for Ramesside military campaigns in the Negev, Edom and the Arabah, the Hathor Temple of Timna provides ... Three types of pottery were found: hand made, ordinary wheel made and two colour Midianite. The identical Midianite pottery has been ... This underscores how absurd it is to suggest the exodus route traveled through central Sinai using the same roads that the ... the temple in Nahal Nehushtan and defended by a strong wall, and the other sites of Timna which had no defensive wall. ... by archaeologists. What they found for the 13th to 12th centuries B.C.E., the era of Moses and Israel's entry into Canaan, ... These settlements and the casemate fortlets attached were generally identified as `Israelite settlements' because Iron Age ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... ... were carried down to virgin soil; the interior of the central tower on the western side was examined; several walls ... THE FORTRESS (Fig. 1) Click to View The fortress of Kadesh-barnea is built in the form of a rectangle, about 60 X 41 m ... the stratigraphical cut made near the north-eastern tower (Pl. 27, A-B), the start of a wall was found leading south, beyond the confines of the fortress (Pl. 28, A) . ... These rooms actually touch the casemate wall. In the western section, and especially at its centre, there is a deep depression, ... Among the debris were pottery and stone vessels, pieces of carbonised beams, and sun-dried bricks measuring 20 X 12 X 15 cm. It is clear that this rubble fell into the room when the ceiling of the upper storey gave way. ... Y. Aharoni during a survey at `Ein Qudeis, and especially at Ramat Matred in the central Negev4. At all these sites, ... The pottery dates from the 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. but some comes from the 9th century, including a number of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... The fort at Yotvata contained a very important discovery among others: a Latin Imperial inscription. Dating to the time of Diocletian, the inscription was found outside and ... Thus far, the scant ceramic material recovered makes it difficult to assign a date. It was probably built in the eighth-seventh centuries BCE, during the reigns of King Uzziah ... Or perhaps this fot Ness was built during the reign of Jehoshaphat when "there was no king in Edom, a deputy was king" (1 Kgs 22: 48), and when in an un-successful attempt to ... Casemate rooms in the wall of the central area of the Iron Age II fortress, Stratum 5. The walls of Iron II Haseva combined solid offset-inset with casemate wall construction. The walls enclosed the largest fort of the Negev, equal in size to the regional adminis-tration center Beersheva. Pottery vessels from the Iron Age II fortress, Stratum 5, include these carinated bowls and oil lamp. Unfortunately, ceramic finds remain too scant to permit accurate dating of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport? Alexander Flinder ... Solomon had previously sought assistance from Hiram, king of Tyre, when Solomon built the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. Here is the Biblical description ... In Rivers in the Desert, published in 1959, Nelson Glueck wrote: "The whereabouts of Solomon's long-lost port of Ezion-Geber was for centuries an ... Glueck's identification was based on what he thought was a large copper smelting refinery incorporating a substantial furnace room with a complicated ... Glueck dated the pottery he found at the site to King Solomon's time (tenth century B.C.). He also found a casemate wall (two parallel walls with intermittent cross-walls called casemates that create, in effect, internal rooms within the wall), ... We soon abandoned this idea when it became apparent how common this pottery was at contemporary sites in the Negev."7 Glueck also revised his view of ... The northernmost hill takes up half the length of the island and is surmounted by a Moslem fortress dating to the 12th century A.D.; the two southern ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca introduction: Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, Nico ... In these cases the broken pottery was a cheap and abundant paper to write on. "In the late monarchic period, ... In 597, while Nebuchadnezzar's army was invading Judah from the north, the fortress was captured and destroyed ... A man seeks asylum in the temple of Solomon. (Arad #18) d. A short list of army commanders from Ramah-Negev ... of Hebrew ostracon 88, found in 1974). Three more Hebrew ostraca were found in 1976. As indicated by paleography and archaeological context, the Hebrew ostraca come from the 10th-6th centuries, the Aramaic from the ... they are cleaned with a brush. "I was excavating a room on the south side of the Israelite fortress at ... innovation here is the addition of an interior wall parallel to the whole southern wall of the fortress. Thus the living quarters located here were truncated and their southern portions became small casemate rooms. ... a completely new wall was built, whereas the rest of the wall was rebuilt along the lines of the old wall. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-Arad-18-24-40-88-letters-refugee-temple-YHWH-edomite-threat-troops-edom-Ramah-Negev-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Neco-II-Egypt-Jehoiakim-Zedekiah-Judah-608-597bc.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor ... C. Recent Excavations 1. Structural and Pottery Remains. The site contains two structures: a main structure (A) ... The plan initially seems to resemble a small fortress, similar in appearance to the Israelite citadel-with-towers found at Kadesh-barnea, Arad, and `Uza. Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls typical of these fortresses, and its remains are ... From the court area, one entered the main structure proper by first passing through a small gate room (locus 5), ... The walls were built of unhewn chalk cut from local deposits. At a height of about 1.2 m a middle layer of (mostly tamarisk) branches was placed lengthwise and crosswise, thereby strengthening the wall by forming an intermediate ... for most of the pottery types: the S coast, central Judah, the N kingdom of Israel (i.e., Ephraim), and Phoenicia. ... Most of the artistic parallels are dated to the 9th-7th centuries, generally corroborating the conclusion that the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... that the pottery remains dated from the 10th to the 5th-4th centuries B.C. Frank had correctly adjudged them to be older than Roman. ... ventilation, as occurred, for example, in the tower of Saul's fortress at Gibeah; cf, Albright, AASOR, IV (1924), 9; Sinclair, AASOR, ... chariot cities which Solomon built in elaborate fashion at Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer (I Kings 9:15-17, 19). Before continuing with the discussion of this storehouse-granary struc-ture and its relationship to the wall enclosing the square in which ... Tell el-Kheleifeh was obviously a central point of that area." Miss Caton Thompson found very similar pottery in Arabia, which, however, she dated to about 400 B.C.14 The Kenites, who introduced the Fig. ... piled to approximately the same height on the floor of each room, served several purposes, helping preserve dryness and diminishing ... Fig. 7. Isometric view of period I fortified storehouse and glacis surrounded by casemate wall with salients and recesses, from ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... likewise, in at any rate the 13th to perhaps the 9th centuries BC, as a result." (Early Edom And Moab, Egyptian ... So, also, the traditional Mount Hor must be recognized as an impossible Mount Hor; and the central and northern Arabah ... recovered from the excavation of the fortress at Arad by the late Yohanan Aharoni, the Edomites are also mentioned. ... to reinforce the garrison at Ramat Negeb in the eastern Negev, because an attack by the Edomites is anticipated-"lest the Edomites come," to use the language found on the Hebrew ostracon (an inscribed pottery sherd)." (New Light on the Edomites, Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, ... prolonged study and recollations were devoted to the wall specifically to ensure that no fundamental error could ... realize that there was not enough room for his flocks and Jacobs. 1926 BC: Esau moves EVERYTHING out of Canaan into Mt. ... "King Solomon also built a fleet of ships in Ezion-geber, which is near Eloth on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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Transjordan Early Edom And Moab 1900 BC ... In other Egyptian documents, the Shasu are attested securely all the way from north Sinai and the Negev up into Syria as far ... The occupation was evidently domestic, and the main area of the settlement was destroyed by a fire. In one room a clay impression of a royal seal was found (Figure ... does not provide the answers, since it is essentially a one-period site and no stratified sequence of pottery was recovered. ... dating from the 13th to 6th centuries BC (Glueck 1934:13-14; 1935:82-83). Glueck's Tawilan comprised a possible outer wall, and a 'conjectural' inner wall, terminating in a north-western and a southern 'tower'. ... The area excavated probably embraced only the central part of the ancient city, the rest being hidden under the present-day ... The Upper Town consisted of the 'Acropolis' (Area A) with palatial and/or temple buildings built on a deep fill or mound, ... Lindner and Farajat 1987)? Umm el-Ala: an Edomite fortress south of Petra It was by pure chance that after Baja III another ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomites-early-edom-and-moab-piotr-bienkowski-1992ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... ... The Philistines had restricted Israel's possession of the promised land to the central hill country until 1003 BC. After 6 years of conquest ... financial control of the commercial shipping hub and became oppressed slaves who built two storage cities of Pithom and Ramesses (Ex 1:11). ... his 10th regnal year in 1547 BC at age 20. Inscriptions on the wall of a cliff-tomb at El Kab, located 100 km south of Luxor, of a naval ... Khamudi, the defeated Hyksos king then fled from Avaris to the biblical city of Sharuhen (Joshua 19:6) in the Simeon Negev where the ... Another inscription found in the ancient Egyptian mining town of Tura located 15 km south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile, indicate the ... Etham may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "Etham is simply ... It was a great city in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Christians of Petra were persecuted by Diocletian. (The Onomasticon, Eusebius, 325AD) ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from Ketef Hinnom: 725-650 BC ... Elijah were seen as a central messianic figure and this may be where the first century Jews traced the meaning of the numbers back to. b. ... Luke 22:43 18. Plowing then say goodbye to family Elijah found Elisha plowing who asked to say goodbye: 1 Kings 19:20-21 Jesus did not ... With oil 2 Kings 4:1-7 With coin from mouth of fish 21. Others prepared an upper room In Shunem: 2 Ki 4:10-11 In Jerusalem for Jesus to ... Ahab sulked when he couldn't have a forbidden thing: Naboth's vineyard. He built a house for Baal for his wicked, dominant wife Jezebel ... This simple observation solves an apparent chronological contradiction that had stumped Bible students for centuries. Details: Chronology of ... through the window" (2 Ki 9:30) is a common pagan motif found on Ivory carvings in Samaria and Egyptian stone stele and wall paintings, etc. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... The Stratum 5 fortress, the largest and best-preserved of the three, has been ascribed to the ninth-eighth centuries BCE. The latest fortress (Stratum 4), apparently concurrent with the Edomite Shrine and accompanying cult remains, and possibly constructed by Josiah (second half of the ... The impressive southwestern corner, built of large silex blocks, is preserved to the height of more than a meter. It appears to be a fortress, similar in plan to those found at several Iron Age sites in the central Negev (Cohen 1995)." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) B. "Negevite" ware pottery found: More on Negev Pottery. "Diggers retrieved a complete handmade Negbite cooking-pot, made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981;1983a), dating ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm

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Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ... into the Early Iron Age I, from the fourteenth to the twelfth centuries B C. As the Arabah Expedition's excavations proved, this was a ... Several small human figures, with outspread hands and fingers, and a schematic 'tree-of-life' also appear on this wall. Many more small ... The house walls stand today up to T •5 m. high; built of dry stone walling with rough field stones, they rarely show signs of primitive ... The stone tools, pottery and installations found indicate that, besides Plates 23-25 being simple quarters for the smelters working in the neighbouring smelting ... I') SMELTING CAMP 0 EXCAVATED SITE • OTHER SITES ve.- CLIFF — WADI COPPER REARING YOTVATA SANDSTONE NEGEV22.X'5 4,219A 4 23 22 8- - ' ... A tower-defended gate can be found on the north-west side of the hill. The central part of the flat hill top is covered almost completely ... These settlements 180 The Hathor Temple and its Implications and the casemate fortlets attached were generally identified as `Israelite ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm

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Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ... age 1444-1406 BC. Although Basta has been dated to the PPN (Pre-pottery Neolithic) at around 6500 BC, this is impossible because it predates ... The percentages of pig (sus) bones found at Basta match other sites of known Hebrew occupation like Khirbet el-Maqatir, Shiloh and the cult altar on Mt. Ebal. Basta was designed and built by a large population in a single short-term occupation phase as a workshop ... buildings with red painted plaster floors Fourth, both Beidha and Basta feature a large central room surrounded by smaller rectangular rooms. ... These were followed by a settlement gap that lasted several centuries. Later, two successive pottery phases developed: the Pottery Neolithic A ... This kind of layout of the wall grid at the beginning of the work on the terrace shows that in addition to planning height and extension the ... Each of the 3 large rooms were surrounded by a network of small ~1x1 meter "casemate-like" storage rooms with 3 meter high walls. Each of these ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm

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Ein El Qedeis: "Piltdown Kadesh" Kadesh Barnea: 1881 - 1916 AD ... The fortress Solomon built at Kades (Ein Qedeis), is located a short distance from the actual spring. Ein Qedeis is one of 50 Solomon built to protect the border against Egypt to the south and Edom to ... The site was surveyed in 1957 by Aharoni (1967: 8), and excavations were carried out in 1976 by the author (1977b: 71). The diameter of the fortress is ca. 50 m., and the gate and five out of 20 ... 6.50 m. in the line of the casemate wall. It is bordered on each side by casemate rooms and included two small confronting guardrooms (ca. 2.00 m. wide X 3.00 m. long); these reduce the width of the passageway to ca. 2.50 m., which is narrowed even further by a rectangular pier. This passageway was found blocked by stones. (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) E. Negev pottery found at Ein Qedeis: More on Negev Pottery. The remains of the pottery, found in the ash layer that covered the beaten-earth floor of the casemate rooms, are of two basic types: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-qedeis.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... The results were spectacular. Occupation begins here in the eleventh century BC and the monumental fortress is built in the tenth. If this site can be equated with the rise of the ... In fact, the dating of pottery sequences from the Edomite plateau are tied to the seventh and sixth centuries BC largely by a single bulla, or clay impression, found at Umm el-Biyara (Bienkowski 1990). This clay impression bears the name 'Qos gabar king of Edom', an historical figure mentioned in Assyrian ... Stratum A3 represents the original stage of the fortified wall perimeter, including the gate structure. Due to the intensive industrial utilisation (Strata A2A-B) that ... Locus 61, a semi-circular installation, probably for industrial use, by the corner between the southern wall of the gateway complex (W7) and the western casemate wall. ... Metal-working building (Area S) The excavation of the selected structure (Figure 4) revealed a four-room building c. 6.5 x 11.0 m associated with four main strata. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ... BIBLE MARKER 1: "Division" of languages at Babel is central theme of Gen 10-11. 22 BIBLE MARKER 2: Nimrod is the central figure of Gen ... Ubaid assemblages were replaced by Uruk assemblages at the Uruk 3 expansion when the city was burned, and a wall was built. Located 100 km ... 23. Peru South America: A city founded after Tower of Babel in 2850 BC, pyramid built in 2600 BC. 24. Rehoboth-Ir: City of Rehoboth. ... The Ubaid Archaeological Ages are based upon pottery and object assemblages found during excavations at Tel Ubaid. 28. Unug: City of Uruk in Sumerian literature: ... to the god Enki at Eridu (Babel) which featured a niched altar room in which to place an idol of Enki and a burnt offering table for ... If Nimrod lived centuries after the Tower of Babel, then the huge focus the Holy Spirit places on an obscure and irrelevant person becomes ... Babylonian captivity first attack on Jerusalem: 605 Edomites enter Judean Negev: 605 Fall of Jerusalem in 587 Persian: 539 BC 539-333 ... ... https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm

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The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra ... Eusebius says Kadesh Barnea was located at Petra. Hezron Hezron = literal Hebrew: "surrounded by a wall". (Enhanced Strong's Lexicon) Addar Addar = literal Hebrew: ... At that time, Egypt and Israel agreed that the border divided the springs so that each had two, Qudeirat is the location that the Jews built to protect the water at ... the excavations at Ein el-Quderat misidentified as Kadesh Barnea: a. "The earliest fortress on the site was erected seemingly on virgin soil in the 10th-9th centuries B.C.E. Its ground plan, as explained previously, has not been determined, but it evidently belonged to a wide-ranging fortress network then existing in the Central Negev. ... A border is defined by a succession or sequence, of the kind found, for example, in the Judaean Shephelah. Qadesh Barnea and Mesad Hashavyahu are situated well ... Judaean artifacts found at both sites include, for example, inscribed weights, pottery vessels, and Hebrew ostraca. It must be accepted, therefore, that these sites ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... ... bor-ders defined structurally by defenses, e.g., Hadrian's wall in Britain or the Great Wall in China; for a Sassanian border wall see Trinkaus 1984: 43). ... Having said that, I admit that other explanations for the ro-sette stamps, i.e., signs of pottery guilds or potter's marks, are not very satisfactory. ... Only 42 stamps (ca. 24 per-cent) were found in the Shephelah, about half of those at Lachish. The central Judaean mountains and the Negev (12 stamps) are almost negligible. The scarcity of these stamps at Tell en-Nasbeh isinteresting, since the site seems to have prospered in the seventh and early sixth centuries B.C. (Zorn 1993). True, understanding the distribution ... Many types of artifacts may be common to more than one political entity (e.g., "Solomonic" city gates, "Samarian" pot-tery, and four-room houses). A ... Pp. 249-99 in Ancient Israelite Religion: Es-says in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, eds. P. D. Miller, P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride. Phil-adelphia: Fortress... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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The Wilderness of Zin, C. Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence ... ... One can well imagine that in years of drought Ain el Guderat fed all the saints of Central Sinai. The Byzantine village on the north ... ornament moulded in relief on the outside, which occur plentifully in North Syria in deposits of the 2nd and 1st centuries B.c. ... solidity seems to have ceased, and they became mere shells of built stone, with a series of rooms or corridors in their thicknesses. ... In our view the plan of the building is superior to its execution. Fig. 8: Fortress at Ain el Guderat We dug into one of the rooms on the top of the wall and found that its sides were standing a yard or more high, ... Outside the main wall of the fort on this eastern side was a low tongue of land bearing traces of less important buildings. We could ... A better indication of date is given by the pottery. There was not much of this upon the surface; light ashes, rubble and building-stones from the fallen walls and lumps of clay, that may have formed the roof, had buried everything; but in the little room ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-woolley-lawrence-the-wilderness-of-zin-1914-1915ad.htm

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... Carchemish, and so [onward], . . . passing Aleppo, Ilarnath, and Emesa (where, perhaps, already the sons of Kheth were entrenched in their lake fortress). ... ^Elanitic Gulf, or Gulf of Aqabah, into the Wilderness of Paran, or the central desert of the Sinaitic Peninsula. 1 It has been common to suppose that ... There seems bardly room for doubt on this point. The physical structure of the region, and all history, biblical and extra-biblical, tends to its proof. Yet ... Eluding the sentries in the darkness of the night, he wandered beyond in a dry and thirsty land, like that which the Hebrews found in that same Wilderness of the Wall several centuries after him, when their ... is of frequent recurrence in the Egyptian records, to refer to a defensive Wall 4 built across the eastern front of Lower Egypt by the first king of the Twelfth ... habitations ; for, above us, we found twelve great walled ancient cisterns, round about which were lying many broken pieces of pottery, and ashes . . . ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25 ... rams against the gates, to cast up ramps, to build a siege wall." (Ezekiel 21:21-22, 591 BC) The Islamic record of Ibn ... by Arabian Ishmaelites, now sit atop every mosque as the central symbol of Islam, which betrays the true origin of Hubal ... Nessana 6th century AD papyri found on site "The site [Nessana] is on one of the major ancient caravan routes, leading from Aila on the Red Sea through the western fringes of the Negev to Rhinocorura and Gaza, and over Elusa to Beer-sheba, Hebron, ... The earliest find on the site is an inscription mentioning Aretas IV (9 BC - AD 40) and pottery of the Middle Nabatean ... His descendants ruled over this diverse empire for the next two and a half centuries." (New Interpreter's Dictionary of the ... Septuagint adds "On which is Heliopolis" in Ex 1:10 Masoretic Hebrew Text Septuagint Greek Text MT: "And they built for ... there is another harbor and fortified place [military fortress], which is called White Village [Greek = Leuke Kome], from ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm

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Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd ... long before the Romans arrived with a full battalion of new replacement Ballista and Catapults to attack the Jews from outside the city wall. ... the earth" in Rev 13:11. In the first three centuries, Christians supposedly died unless they confessed Caesar as God, but it is all a myth. ... instincts of the Claudian period, they purchased permission to fortify the city, and in the days of peace built walls meant for war. ... There were three different leaders and three armies. The long outer perimeter of the walls was held by Simon, the central part of the city by ... city [Jerusalem], be thrown down with violence, and will not be found any longer. ... because all the nations were deceived by your ... In 1967, King Hussein of Jordan bulldozed much of the surface, destroying the archeology, in order to make room for his never finished palace ... Pious Jews interpreted Leviticus 11 and 15 literally and began to replace pottery with chalk stone vessels which they viewed as insusceptible ... ... https://www.bible.ca/revelation/

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The Exodus Route: The Archaeology of Mt. Lawz as Mt. Sinai ... were Transjordan nations "of the east" and did not live in the Wilderness of Egypt (Sinai Peninsula) or the Judean Negev. b. ... Archaeological: The twelve pillars Moses: Ex 24:4. Moses built this altar in a few hours and was likely small and built out of 12 ... Ash layers (loci) are common and sometimes provide evidence of dated destructions. Ash and bone are always dated by the pottery and ... In simple words, the official top plan found walls, not doors because the doors were bricked in centuries later during secondary use long after Israel left Mt. Sinai. At Khirbet el-Maqatir, the ... This is misleading because the NW wall is terminated by two megaliths, but he only draws one. Fritz deviates from the official ... Fabricating a second door in Room 1, opens the opportunity to new unicorn speculations about how the one special megalith was the ... Iron age fortresses were oval because they were built to follow the contour of hill tops and usually featured small casemate rooms ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-mt-sinai.htm

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Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ... ... they have filled this place with the blood of the innocent and have built the high places of Baal to burn their sons in the fire as burnt ... Notice two copies were made, one that was sealed and placed in a vault and the second was located in room outside the vault for anyone to look ... DSS 11Q11 Col. ii:2 (50 BC) reads: "These are the demons, and the Prince of Animosity ... who [...] the abyss" 7. 5th trumpet: Abaddon found ... Ezek 12:1-16: mimics going into exile with baggage, digging hole in house wall for escape, flees city. b. Ezek 12:17-20: eats trembling in ... By 597 BC the Edomite Threat became very serious when one of the four Negev Judean fortresses, Ramah-Negev, was about to be captured by the ... Zedekiah issues orders to Malchijah, the troop commander at the Arad fortress, to send troops from Arad and the nearby Kinah fortress, to the ... Arad Ostracon #40 (Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "We won't send troops" 597 BC) is a letter written on a broken pottery sherd from ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc

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Seder Olam Rabbah modern Jewish calendar English pdf free online ... Chronology is critical in correctly "reading" pottery, destruction layers and site occupational history. If you get the date ... R. Yosé was an ancient and central Tannaite authority long before 200 AD. c. In rabbinical literature there are many men ... in 160 AD gave themselves "breathing room window" of 371 years into the future before any true messiah could come again. b. ... The use of the Greek proschema (ornament), a term applied in classical literature to other impregnable fortress cities, ... by the emperor Hadrian, who put down the Second Jewish Revolt in a.d. 135, but in the second and third centuries the city became an important center of Jewish rabbinical study. Evidence of their presence can be found in the Talmud. ... there 18 months as it is said (Gen. 33:17) "Jacob traveled to Sukkoth and built himself a house; for his animals he made huts". ... . ." Twelve years he was in the land of Israel, repairing the wall and returning every man to his town and his inherited land. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Seder-Olam-Rabbah-full-text-PDF-Free-Online-Chronology-modern-Jewish-calendar-Textual-variants-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Tanakh-Rabbinical-Judaism-160AD.htm

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REFUTED: Full-Preterist, "Realized Eschatology", "AD 70 doctrine ... ... The elephant in the room is that nothing in the Bible is relevant to Christians living today, since it all was fulfilled in ... built an abomination of desolation on the altar, and in the cities around Judah, they built altars." (1 Maccabees 1:54) d. ... Haggai 1:1: 29th August 520 BC e. "shake heavens and earth, greater glory" Haggai 2:1-9 = 16th November 520 BC f. No wall ... is the central theme in Isaiah chapters 40-55. j. Jesus deliberately echoes a pattern of themes that are unique to Jehovah by using the expression "I AM" (Greek: ego eimi; Hebrew: ani hu). The high density of I AM sayings of Jehovah found in ... of their first fulfillment centuries earlier. 8. How the Jews approached the Olivet discourse after the day of Pentecost: a. ... In Josephus Wars 2.433-440, (Dating to 28th August AD 66) Manahem breaks into Herod's army supply room in the fortress on ... down past AD 542. We know from excavations that Jerusalem was rich in Early Roman, Late Roman, Byzantine and Islamic pottery. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Refuted-Full-Preterism-Realized-eschatology-debunked-exposed-second-coming-Parousia-rapture-destruction-Jerusalem-70AD-Doctrine-Revelation-Commentary.htm

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The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ... Some of the walls of the smelter have stood almost to their original height for nearly thirty centuries. When finally heat cracked the walls of the smelter in places, and repairs and ... to each other that was commonly used, for in stance, in the Renaissance Period in Europe, particularly for fortress con-struction. The bricks were laid in complex, diagonal cross-patterns. ... The plan of the smelter, together with the industrial square, may be likened somewhat to that of a strong stockade wall, with a row of houses one room thick built against the inside of the walls of the stockade square, and with an ... Indeed, one of the main difficulties of the excavations consisted in just this fact —that wherever a later age found a good wall of a previous one, it frequently built other walls against ... partly broken. .The mouth of this jar had. been closed with a heavy stone stopper,. and further sealed with a clay covering; over which a large, curved fragment of pottery had been placed. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gamla 76 BC hill it was built upon. a. Like a double humped camel, it was the home of two different zealot rebellions, first in 2 BC then in 66 AD. b. It was a formidable physical fortress that the Romans had great difficulty defeating with their Ballista and other slings. c. "Finds at the synagogue were from the final stage and battle. They included 350 ballista balls, 35 arrowheads, and many nails and pottery items, among them ... As one of the most important spiritual leaders it is unthinkable that Alexander Jannaeus would found this town without a synagogue. b. The ... Located adjacent to the eastern wall, the building runs on a northeast-southwest axis and is 21.5 meters long and 17.5 meters wide." (The ... G. Excavation details: 2. "Gamla: There were two entrances: the main door with an unusual, indirect entrance on the axis of the large room ... Netzer [2004:10-12] disagrees, arguing that no central row of columns should be reconstructed and that the Ionic capitals might have fallen ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gamla-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-ark-scrolls-niche-mikveh-heart-columns-bema-Judas-jewish-war-ballista-coin-76bc.htm

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The Ahoroni Fortress at Quseima: One of Solomon's network of ... According to the general plan of the site and the finds, it may clearly be classified as one of the "Israelite fortresses in the Negev."" ("Aharoni Fortress" near Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) A. Date of the fortress ... Thus, Herzog proposes an 11th century date (Herzog 1990: 238); and Finkelstein, true to his multistage theory, dates the whole process to the end of the 11th and beginning of the 10th centuries (Finkelstein and ... The builders generally chose raised ground, a hill, a spur, sometimes even a steep mountain, and built their fortress on the summit. The casemates generally encircled the entire summit; and the outer enclosing wall was built at the very edge of the summit, directly overlooking the slope. If the summit was oval-shaped, so was the ... Click to View D. Negev pottery found at Quseima: More on Negev Pottery. The main finds, as stated, were potsherds. Not one complete or even restorable vessel was found. As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-quseima-ahoroni.htm

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Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ... This would be the best explanation for the occupation layer that preexisted the fortress Solomon built at the site. David and Solomon captured and controlled the transjordan territory of Edom ... date of about 700 BC. Levy says: "The new dates and the range of artefacts recently found at the site, such as architecture, ceramics, scarabs, and arrowheads indicate that ... during the eighth and seventh BC. State formation more likely began several centuries earlier, rooted in local processes of social evolution and interaction amongst the ... We note that in both published works by Levy on Khirbat en-Nahas, they have not uncovered anything that specifically ties the site to the Edomites. The pottery they recovered is typical of all the border fortresses that Solomon built and occupied in the Negev. We kept reading ... For example, a leaf-shaped metal arrowhead (B. 7559, L. 344) in Stratum S3, and two scarabs from Strata 1 and 2a in Room 4 of the Area S building are especially significant. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm

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