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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... The Iron IIA assemblage, with northern and southern variants, represented by the destruction layers of Megiddo VA-IVB, Taanach Period IIB, Yokneam XIV, Beth ... with Benno Rothenberg's and later by Gary Pratico's demolition of Nelson Glueck's concept of `Solomon's copper mines' in the Timnah Valley in the Arabah and of his identification of Ezion Geber with Tell el-Kheleifeh. ... destroyed soon after the end of that dynasty, ca. 840-830 BCE. Pottery assemblages from the destruction of Jezreel can thus safely be dated to this time. ... Yet this resemblance can be explained if we assume that both kings-Solomon and Ahab-used Phoenician masons. Builders families or 4 Shishak, King of Egypt ... Research Area: Highland-Lowland Dichotomy The region of Edom in southern Jordan extends roughly from the Wadi al-Hasa in the north to the Wadi Hisma and ... As seen on the plan in Figure 10.7, both the western and eastern ends of the passage were closed in Stratum A2b with a stone wall. These closing walls, like ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... Both Elat and Ezion-Geber were two different border fortresses built by Solomon. Ezion-Geber is the only "stop" of the exodus route that is ... the time of the Babylonian captivity of 586 BC. This places Ezion-geber on the east side of Elat, not the west. If archeologists had merely read the Bible, they would have used it as a guide to look in the right place. "The first one to suggest the identification of Ezion-geber with Tell el-Kheleifeh ... Josephus said that Kadesh was located at Petra in 110 AD. Although it is 100 km from Ezion-geber, they traveled up the Arabah Valley to get ... In the absence of a systematic excavation, the dating of the perimeter wall, as well as the harbor and jetties, must be conjectural. Some ... to look here not only for a harbour of the period before David's conquest of the area, but also for the port used by Israel's kings. ... We soon abandoned this idea when it became apparent how common this pottery was on contemporary sites in the Negeb, as well as in the Wadi ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... ... time, however, the mound of Tell el-Kheleifeh is the only site known on the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah showing the occupational history necessary for either Ezion-geber or Elath or both. If Tell el-Kheleifeh is not in all finality to be identified with Ezion-geber: ... the Tell el-Kheleifeh excavation records. We find ourselves compelled in their light and in view of new knowledge and some convincing criticisms of our initial reports to revise radically some of our original conclusions.2 The location of the tell in the middle of the southern end of the Wadi Arabah, its possession ... 383-5. or air entering through the apertures in the outer north wall could be felt emerging at the outer ends of the apertures in the ... It had been our thought, which we now abandon, that the apertures served as flue-holes during Period I of this building. Through them, ... at these Wadi Arabah sites belonged to Iron I and early Iron II in general and especially to the 10th century period of king Solomon. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport? Alexander Flinder ... ... of Tell el-Kheleifeh as the elusive port was for him "beyond all question of doubt ... Tell el-Kheleifeh had to be Ezion-Geber:Eloth!"4 Glueck's identification was based on what he thought was a large copper smelting refinery incorporating a substantial furnace room with a complicated system of flues. Glueck dated this refinery at Tell el-Kheleifeh to the time of King Solomon. ... He also found a casemate wall (two parallel walls with intermittent cross-walls called casemates that create, in effect, internal rooms within the wall), which was typical of the Solomonic period. Glueck's identification of Tell el-Kheleifeh as Ezion-Geber was based ... Then in 1962 Beno Rothenberg, who had served as Glueck's chief assistant and photographer, published a paper entitled "Ancient Copper Industries in the Western Arabah" in ... Glueck also revised his view of the natural advantages of the location of Tell el-Kheleifeh: "The location of the tell in the middle of the southern end of the Wadi ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm

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Misidentified: "Belonging to Jotham" and "Belonging to Eliakim ... ... Nelson Glueck was the excavator at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Elat), at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba and immediately identified it with King Jotham. William Albright said "It appears that the identification is almost certain." Glueck's own did report on excavations reported this in 1965: "It was in the Period III city of (Ezion-geber: Elath that a seal signet ring, with the inscription "belonging to Jotham" was found. The reference is probably to Jotham, ... The representation of the bellows seems to testify to the continuation of metallurgical activities first inaugurated on a large scale by Solomon in the Wadi Arabah and of related industrial activities at Ezion-geber. After the time of Uzziah and Jotham, Elath was to change hands once more. Taking advantage of ... Pioneer archaeologist Nelson Glueck believed it to be the site of the biblical cities Ezion-Geber and, later, Elath. Abbas. the Arab foreman of Glueck, found a seal ring under a mud brick wall. Believing that this beautifully ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-Belonging-to-Eliakim-servant-of-Jehoiachin-belonging-to-Jotham-misidentified.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... ... FIg. 9. View of the western perimeter of the casemate fortress (Glueck's Period IC) from the northeast. Rooms 114 (the long casemate to the right), 113, 112, 111, 109, 107, and 103 are ... The blockings of Rooms 100A and 100E3 have been removed. Shiloh suggests that the monumental four-room buildings, including the Tell el-Kheleifeh structure, functioned as citadels. The conclusion ... Assured conclusions are difficult, however, without the north-ern quadrant of the casemate wall. Except for this gateroom, the doorways of the southern casemate rooms were consistently ... The casemate units of this earliest phase continued into later levels (figs. 3, 8). Dating the Casemate Fortress Designating this fortress as Ezion-geber I, Glueck assigned this level to the time of Solomon and its destruction to biblical ... and seminomadic dwellers of the Negev, specifically the "Kenites, Rechabites, Yerahmeelites and related inhabitants of Sinai, the Negev, the Wadi Arabah and north-western Arabia (1971a: 46). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Introduction: Ein ... from 1881 - 1916 AD. Before 1881, everyone was looking for it in the Arabah Valley area or near Petra as Josephus said it was. ... "The Iron Age II fortress of Qadesh Barnea (nowadays called Tell 'Ein el-Qudeirat) is located in Wadi el 'Ein, a well ('Ein) ... If so, why have we found no remains from the Exodus period? ... Thus far our excavations have yielded nothing earlier than the tenth century B.C.-the time of King Solomon. (Did I Excavate Kadesh-Barnea? absence of Exodus remains poses problem, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) Click to View Ein El-Qudeirat is located in Wadi el Ein, a narrow dry ... Ezion-Geber is a major Achilles heel to Ein El-Qudeirat being Kadesh Barnea. The exodus route from Mt. Sinai to Kadesh went directly ... By contrast, the tower in the middle of the fortress' eastern wall projects ca. 3.50 m. from the casemate line and is ca. 7.50 m. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... Overview of the Exodus and Conquest: In 1446 BC, the 700 km trip from Goshen (Tell el-Dab'a) to Mt. Sinai took a total of ... Sinai through Ezion Geber (Numbers 33:35-36) to Kadesh Barnea, was 20 stops over a period of about 11 months. Israel spends ... Deut 1:40 - Gulf of Aqaba) passing a second time through Ezion Geber (Deut 2:8). They journeyed east to avoid the Edomites living in the mountains and began moving north. Before they crossed the Wadi Zered, Israel rebelled again with the result ... Succoth: The stop to get Hebrew miners at Serabit el-Khadim 3. The Etham Dilemma: "The Great Backtrack when they hit THE WALL... Click to View 22 Stops between Mt. Sinai and Kadesh Barnea Ezion Geber, southern Arabah valley, Kadesh Barnea, Petra, ... Tabernacle of Moses, which was replaced by the Temple of Solomon, which finally became the body of a Christian individually ... Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell el-kheleifeh was built on a hill 500 meters from the shore of the Red Sea less than 12 feet ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... ... Some had buildings in the courtyard. Some had outbuildings attached to the outside casemate wall. Some had guardrooms attached to the ... Cisterns were often located at the bottom of a small wadi in order to collect the rainwater. At Horvat Haluqim, a typical settlement, ... of gritty clay burnt very hard in an open hearth."9 This pottery was "rediscovered" by Glueck in his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh (identified by him with Biblical Ezion-Geber). ... This is unfortunately the case even though within its long time-span Negbite ware appears to have undergone some changes. For example, ... An accurate date for these Central Negev fortresses is not a merely academic issue. In the period embraced by the 11th and tenth ... In my view, the fortresses were erected during the reign of King Solomon. Solomon's reign was undoubtedly a period of expansion and ... 3. Beno Rothenberg, Negev, Archaeology in the Negev and the Arabah, (Ramat Gan, Israel, 1967), pp. 71-79. 4. For citations see ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... as well as branching off toward the Arabah and Edom; and the road which led south of the Central Negev to Eilat (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 71). ... An inner stone wall, so far uncovered along the northern, eastern, and western sides, ran parallel to the outer rampart wall. Its upper courses were ... This pottery was "rediscovered" by N. Glueck in his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh (identified by him with biblical Ezion-geber). Here he found "large quantities of crude handmade, friable, ... Ijorvat Mesora. Fortress of the 10th century B.C.E. overlooking Nahal Besor (Wadi Ghazzeh). ledge-handles, or combinations of both" (Glueck 1938: ... These simple and cheap utensils largely satisfied the daily needs of the local population, especially as cooking pots. At the same time, a certain amount of the usual pottery of the period was ... In the author's opinion, they were established by King Solomon. As is well known, he was a powerful and energetic ruler, who sought to consolidate ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... ... More on the rock that split. 6. There is an ancient tradition (Eusebius) of the "River of Moses" (Wadi Musa) that flows through the 1 km long crevice (Siq), past the Nabataean Treasury then down into the Arabah valley. This ... Archeology has uncovered evidence an occupation of Petra of from the Early Bronze Age (Abraham: 2100 BC), Iron Age (David, Solomon... Only with a miracle of Moses hitting the rock, did a large river result. Although we can prove from Tell el-kheleifeh, that sea levels are unchanged, the water table levels have dropped dramatically since the Exodus. d. Even during the time ... a burial city. "The city underwent major construction in the period 50 BC to AD 100 during the reigns of Obodas II (III) and ... The ruins are inland about one mile from Aqabah but not as far inland as Tell el Kbeleifah which is probably the older Ezion Geber (K. ... It rarely rains in Petra, but occasionally rain up to thirty miles away can send a wall of water hurtling through the Siq gorge. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... The remains of several fortresses (Qasr er-R ukieibeh, Bir Birein, and Tell 'Ain el-Qudeirat) were first observed in 1914 by C. L. ... According to the Bible Solomon established a maritime base at Ezion-Geber, near Eilat, in order to carry out trade with Ophir (1 Kgs 9:26), and Jehoshaphat and Uzziah both ... These fortresses consisted of a casemate wall around an inner courtyard but apart from this there was substantial variation in ... From this account it follows that the "Way of the Spies" was the principal route from Kadesh-barnea to Arad, and during the time of the ... The fortress of 'Ain Qudeis (Grid Reference 1034 X 0002) was erected on a flat hill commanding the plainland between Wadi Qudeis and ... a large structure (ca. 57 X 33 m.) was erected in the Roman-Byzantine period. No remains of a nearby settlement have been perceived. f. ... It was "rediscovered" by Glueck in his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh and subjected to a more formal study. Originally he conjectured ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View ... Israel's borders with Egypt at Wadi El Arish and Edom at the Arabah valley are noted. These 50 military fortresses were dotted throughout the Negev, and end at the Egyptian border and the southern Arabah valley. By simply ... during the time of the fortress's existence, but he recognized both pre- and post fortress settlement periods on the site. ... he dated them, on the basis of similar pottery finds at Ezion-geber, Ramat Matred, and elsewhere in the Negev, to the 10th or ... Cohen dismisses the view of Dothan of the "pre-fortress" period based upon Negev ware pottery alone: "The wheel-made pottery ... Cohen: 1981 (Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) Oval fortress built by Solomon ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ... ... fact that the pottery found on all of them indicates a Ramesside date as the general period for their operation. It would seem certain, however, that not all of the ten camps were in operation at the same time. ... This wall abutted against the sides of the mountain and even climbs up its sides for several metres. The wall ... I') SMELTING CAMP 0 EXCAVATED SITE • OTHER SITES ve.- CLIFF — WADI COPPER REARING YOTVATA SANDSTONE NEGEV22.X'5 4,219A 4 23 22 8- - ' ....C'. TIMNA P.14 ce- _ . EDOM - 9 . BEER ORA; 033 W.AMRAM CF ) /-* c. ‹ ADD SINAI x EL AT X it RED SEA •TELL-El-KHELEIFEH AQABA MIC IAN 3 15 Ramesside and Late Bronze Age—Early Iron Age sites in the Arabah ... It was later used by the Israelite Kings (as Ezion Gebel.), then by Nabatacans, Romans and Mamehikes Plate 39 ... David very much brass, wherewith Solomon made the brazen sea, and the pillars and the vessel of brass . ... it was proposed at the time to identify the island ofJezirat Fara'un with the Biblical harbour of Ezion Geber. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm

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Timna Jezirat Faraun was the Egyptian mining sea port that served Timna. Since Jezirat Faraun is not located in Edomite territory, it cannot be Ezion-Geber which was ... A much better choice for "Solomon's Mines" would be Khirbat en-Nahas since it has a 10th century fortress. Solomon may have mined Timna, but there is no evidence that he did: "We know today that the Timna copper mines and all contemporary copper mines on the west side of the Arabah and in the Mountains of Elat belong to the period between the ... Also, the fortress at Elat/Kheleifeh would better serve to protect Timna. Click to View The entire modern Sinai Peninsula right over to the Wadi el-Arish down to and including Timna was under Egyptian control at the time of the Exodus: "Although there is sufficient evidence in Egyptian sources for Ramesside military campaigns in the Negev, ... Perhaps this fact explains the differences between Sites 30 and 34, located opposite the temple in Nahal Nehushtan and defended by a strong wall, and the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ... The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh Nelson Glueck 1940 AD (The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, Nelson Glueck, 1940 ... season's work emphasized again that the intricate smelter-refinery of Ezion-geber : Elath was from the very beginning till near the end of the history of the place considered to be its most important structure. It underwent numerous changes in the course of time. ... Centuries of experience had produced a brick measuring 40 by 20 by 10 centimeters, with which an excellent wall two and a half bricks thick could ... In addition, the builders of this glacis (and others like it in a later period at Tell el-Kheleifeh), employed a principle of tying the bricks to ... The Egyptian king Shoshenk, or Shishak, as he is known in the Bible, was in all probability the one who destroyed the Ezion-geber of Solomon? He ... It is particularly clear there at the Early iron Age site of Khirbet el-Medeiyineh overlooking the Wadi Fig. 3. An offset in the outer ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm

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The Civilization of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck ... When we next hear of Edom, it was ruled by Jehoshaphat through a deputy governor (I Kings 22:47). One may assume, therefore, that Judah had retained control over Edom from the time of Solomon on. It was probably towards the end of the reign of Jehoshaphat that the Edomites made a raid on Engedi ( II Chronicles 20:1 if.). During the reign of his son, Joram, Edom revolted and set up a king in place of the former Judean deputy (II Kings 8:20-22). At this time the nation probably regained control of the Wadi Arabah and seized the port-city and industrial center of Ezion-geber: Elath, identified with Tell el-Kheleifeh on the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah, the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Fig 7. Figurines found near Buseirah (Bozrah) in Edom. (From Annual of the ASOR, Vols. XVIII-XIX, Fig. 19). For about a century, Judah was unable to push forward again into Edom, which during this period evidently worked the mines in the Wadi Arabah. Edom, however, was not long to enjoy its ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-civilization-of-the-edomites-nelson-glueck-1947ad.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... ... Qedeis is one of the fortresses built by Solomon in 950 BC. It was considered to be the location for Kadesh Barnea between 1881 and 1916 AD. In 1916, Qudeirat unfortunately became the universal choice for Kadesh down to the present time. ... Negev pottery was found at Elat (Tell el-Kheleifeh). Tell el-Kheleifeh is identified as ancient Elat was actually built by Solomon in 950 BC as part of his border fortresses. Elat is clearly very near by, as is Ezion-Geber which is located under the modern shipping yards of Jordan. "Tell el-Kheleifeh might still fit the location of Eloth, although no pottery securely datable to the Solomonic period has yet been found there. (Unfortunately, Glueck threw out most of the common wheel-made pottery he excavated; ... We soon abandoned this idea when it became apparent how common this pottery was on contemporary sites in the Negeb, as well as in the Wadi Arabah and at Tell el-Kheleifeh. Many of these crude, handmade vessels, with which appeared more familiar ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ... Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to ... This would be the best explanation for the occupation layer that preexisted the fortress Solomon built at the site. David and Solomon ... They had to move south past Mt. Hor to the Red Sea, the east past Ezion Geber, (which was part of Edom's territory) the due east, then north. We ... displaced by the Nabataeans, (or became the Nabataeans.) At the time of the Exodus, 1446 BC, what would eventually become Khirbat ... across the Arabah valley into modern Jordan: "The border of the Amorites ran from the ascent of Akrabbim, from Sela (Petra) and upward." ... side of the Arabah and in the Mountains of Elat belong to the period between the end of the fourteenth century and the middle of the ... including the known desert forts in the Araba/Arava region, such as Hatzeva (Cohen & Yisrael 1995) and Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1965) . ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD Astonishing assemblage of clay vessels and stone altars highlights the recent discoveries unearthed at the Arabah site of En Haseva.1 The fortresses at this crucial ... The outer wall of the second gra-nary, which stood to the north of the long storeroom complex and was built above Stratum 6 wall remains, was constructed of clay bricks and ... base in the Israelite Kingdom (Ussishkin and Woodhead 1994:47).5 Furthermore, it is not surprising that its first phase resembles the plan of the fortress at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Stratum II) (Glueck 1939; 1940:12-13; Pratico 1985; 1986) since they were all most likely built during the same time period. ... The southern route led to Ezion-geber (Eilat). Traveling east took one to Edom and beyond, and to the west, the road led to Kadesh-Barnea. There are several good candidates for ... Credit for the initial construction of the fortress at 'En Haseva (Stratum 6) must go to Solomon. Accepting the identification of En Haseva with Tamar (Aharoni 1963) joins ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... close in size to fortified cities of this period-Beersheva, for example, which also ex-tends over an area of about 1 hectare (2.5 acres; Aharoni 1973:75, 80). ... Casemate rooms in the wall of the central area of the Iron Age II fortress, Stratum 5. The walls of Iron II Haseva combined solid offset-inset with casemate wall ... This problem will be solved if remains dating to the time of Solomon are uncovered at 'En Haseva. This is likely, given the parallel between the histories of 'En ... Aharoni believed that the sys-tem of road-fortresses was established during the time of the First Temple peri-od in the Negev and the Arabah. These 1988/ 'En ... Explorations in Eastern Palestine, II. 1935 Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research XV. New Haven: ASOR. 1939 The Second Campaign at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Ezion-Geber: Elath). ... Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Re-search 262:35-47. Meshel, Z. 1989 A Fort at Yotvata from the Time of Diocletian. Israel Exploration Journal ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... confined to the Beersheva Valley, drained by Wadi el-Milh/ Wadi el-Mashash, and the rolling plain encompassed by Wadi es-Saba`/ Wadi el-Ghazzeh (Aharoni 1958). ... The inner wall is also missing in two houses on the northwestern side. Consequently, we may conclude that the architectural principle of this plan is not that of ... at Arad Stratum XI, Kadesh-barnea ("earliest fortress," Cohen 1981: 107), and Tell el-Kheleifeh Period I (Glueck 1965: 71-82), all of which we believe are dated to Solomon's reign. ... It was apparently Shishak's invasion that brought this network of settlements to an end. Some time afterwards, probably following an occupational gap in the 9th ... Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31: 302-11. 1974 The Building Activities of David and Solomon. Israel Exploration Journal 24: 13-16. 1975 Arad Inscriptions. ... Etam, D. 1980 The "Fortresses" of the Negev Uplands—Settlement Sites. Qadmoniot 13:56-57 (Hebrew). Glueck, N. 1965 Ezion-geber. The Biblical Archaeologist 28: 70-83. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... arm; in context, Shasu is used in parallel phrases.24 On another stela from Tell er-Retabeh (east Delta), he 'plunders their [=the Shasu's] (mountain) ridges, ... the approval of the king of Edom to build ships in the Edomite seaport of Ezion-geber, it seems to be the king of Israel who destroyed the ships when his request ... "For about a century, Judah was unable to push forward again into Edom, which during this period evidently worked the mines in the Wadi Arabah. Edom, however, was ... From that time on, references to Edom, or Edomite kings, in Assyrian sources are usual. The earliest local epigraphic material that can be confidently dated ... for the site and its pottery, since Umm el-Biyara is essentially a one-period site, the date of the settlement cannot be too much earlier." (Journal of ... Joash defeats Amaziah at Beth-shemesh, takes him to Jerusalem but does not kill him (2 Chro 25:25). He then proceeds to tear down part of the wall of Jerusalem, loot the temple of Solomon and take ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... southern base of the Azuzimeh mountain tract until it joined the Wall Road (the " Way of Shur " 5 ) near Jebel Muwaylih, 6 or until it ... At the same time, however, Roland recognized the fact that in some way " the region occupied by Edom and his posterity [which is], called in ... desert west of the Ghor [the Arabah] ; as we know that at a later period they subdued the southern part of Palestine, as far as Hebron ; and ... " the Israelites, in journeying three times between Kadesh and Ezion-geber, must have passed twice through Edom ; which we know was not ... settled it in his own mind that the Israelites passed up the Arabah toward Canaan, he fixes on a site in the line of that road as the ... II., 52) reports the Samaritan high priest as saying to him about Solomon : " Why, do you not know that his kingdom extended from El- Arish ... of this place he would identify in the modern el-Milh or Tell Milh; and Wilton (The Negeb pp. 109-114,) sustains him in this identification. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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The border Between Judah and Egypt: River of Egypt, Wadi el-Arish ... of Abraham till the Romans annexed the Sinai in 106 AD. 2. The Biblical and historical border between Israel and Egypt has always been the Wadi el-Arish, also known as the River of Egypt. ... Although there is a single passage that says Judah's border extended down to the Red Sea (Elat/Ezion Geber), this did not happen until the time of Solomon about 950 BC. Almost every Bible map since 1916 AD has wrongly located Kadesh Barnea 27 ... Rhinocorura literally means, "cut-off noses." Click to View Tel Habuwa [Tell el-Habua, Tell-Huba]: Tharu/Tjaru/Tharo has been misidentified as being located at Tel Habuwa. This site is ... from the Saite Period, Sayed Abd el-Alim, Egyptian Archaeology 56, p10-11, 25th March 2020 AD) Archeologists often suggest name associations for sites that are speculative and uncertain. ... in Egyptian sources for Ramesside (1250 BC) military campaigns in the Negev, Edom and the Arabah, the Hathor Temple of Timna provides the first archaeological evidence for actual and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory-river-of-egypt-wadi-el-arish-tharu-rhinocolu.htm

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The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra When you correctly place Kadesh where Eusebius said it was located, at Petra, then it all becomes simple and clear. The Brook of Egypt (Wadi el-Arish) is the border between Israel and ... know Kadesh is not within the promised land, the only place that you can locate Kadesh is on the north-south portion of the southern border, east of the Arabah Valley. Petra fits perfect. ... Although there is a single passage that says Judah's border extended down to the Red Sea (Elat/Ezion Geber), this did not happen until the time of Solomon about 950 BC. In 1406 BC, at the time of the conquest under Joshua, the border bypassed ... Eusebius says Kadesh Barnea was located at Petra. Hezron Hezron = literal Hebrew: "surrounded by a wall". (Enhanced Strong's Lexicon) Addar Addar = literal Hebrew: "exceeding glorious". ... The fortresses were built according to one of three distinct ground plans-being either roughly oval, rectangular, or square-but clearly belong to the same historical period. In the author's ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm

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They are digging up Bible stories! Start Page ... The conflict is with atheistic Archeologists who trash the Bible, deny the Exodus ever happened, teach David and Solomon were mythical figures. They are bent over backwards in bias to come to any conclusion THAT DOES NOT verify the ... Clearly there are remains of pre-flood human activity, in this 1.5-mile-deep layer, we simply have not found any yet. Noah's Ark (and the contents), is only one man-made, archeological item that is from the pre-Noahic flood period. ... of the Albright/Yadin `Solomonic paradigm' began during the 1970s with Benno Rothenberg's and later by Gary Pratico's demolition of Nelson Glueck's concept of `Solomon's copper mines' in the Timnah Valley in the Arabah and of his identification of Ezion Geber with Tell el-Kheleifeh. ... This book also inspired the work of Israel Finkelstein. ... Thus, Jezreel, Arad, the Negev Highlands, and Taanach may be taken as 'mini-anchors' in the problematic 400-year time-span described above. Evaluation of these points of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-start-here.htm

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Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted ... Gulf of Aqaba and the Wadi El-Arish. 40. The Conquest began in 1406 BC and took 6 years. 41. The archaeological evidence and ancient literary sources for Mt. ... God provided supernatural assistance while Israel walked long distances for long periods of time so that they did not get sore feet or sore muscles: Deut ... In 1444 BC, the "way to the Red Sea" was the road in the Arabah valley from Kadesh Barnea at Petra towards Ezion Geber (Elat): Numbers 14:25 v. In 1407 BC, the "way to the Red Sea" was the road in the Arabah ... Lake Goshen in the Wadi Tumilat, the city of Goshen (Heroonpolis = Tell el-Maskhuta) and Pithom (Tell el-Retaba) were all inside the land of Goshen. The ... The chariots from King Tut's tombs seen in museums are made entirely of wood and rawhide and contained no metal. Later period chariots used a few small metal ... from 1018-960 BC. The Ark of the Covenant was moved into the Temple of Solomon upon its completion in 960 BC and the tabernacle tent of Moses was moved ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rolalyn-maqsood-petra ... ... With their rich mineral resources they thrived for the time being, and soon became masters of the arts of metal-working. The Wadi Arabah to the south of the Dead Sea is covered ... The Petrans who survived nursed their hatred and grievance against the Hebrews for 400 years until the time of the downfall of Jerusalem (586 BCE). David's son Solomon (c.960-922 BCE) maintained his grip on the Petran territory. Not only did he benefit from the famous copper mines near Ezion-Geber (on ... In the face of this threat the Triad worshippers of Petra actually became allies of the Judaeans for a brief time, but this alliance was only superficial and when Jerusalem ... The curses on Petra It was during this turbulent period that the biblical prophets began to launch their psychic campaign against Petra. The ancient hatred between the ... The spring has been enclosed now in a small building with three white domes (it looks like a mosque) and bubbles out from under a stone wall along a pebbly channel. The ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rosalyn-maqsood-petra-a-travelers-guide-1994ad.htm

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Kadesh Barnea is located at Petra, Beidha and Basta Paran are all nearby the location of Kadesh Barnea. b. So they left Sinai on 1:1:1! (year:month:week) They navigated about 20 stops over a period of between 10.5 and 11 months between Sinai and Kadesh Barnea. c. They ... Historically, before 1881 AD the almost unanimous opinion was that Kadesh Barnea was located transjordan east of the Arabah valley. b. The current choice for Kadesh Barnea at Ein el Qudeirat, located south east of Beer ... Nebo later became part of the promised land as the territory of the tribe of Reuban. Further, we have the general promise to Abraham in Gen 15:18 to possess the land from the Wadi al-Arish to the Euphrates river. During the time of Solomon Mt. Nebo was part of the promised land. ... Technically the southern limits of the Onomasticon should be Ailam (Ailath). The ruins are inland about one mile from Aqabah but not as far inland as Tell el Kbeleifah which is probably the older Ezion Geber (K. 36:l, cf. K. 34:23, 62:13, Josephus Antiquities, IX, 12, 1). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... The tell at Kadesh-Barnea (formerly Tell el-Qudeirat and now called Tela Kadesh-Barnea) is scenically located in the deep, narrow valley of the Wadi el-Ein, at ... An inner stone wall, with the upper courses composed of mud-brick, ran parallel to the outer wall, and presumably formed dwelling rooms for the fortress ... At that time, we opened a new area on the eastern side of the tell below and between two of the projecting towers of the later fortresses. Here we found the ... Uzziah of Judah (784-733), the king who regained control of Edom, campaigned against the North Arabian tribes, and rebuilt the port of Ezion-Geber on the Gulf of Aqaba. ... But, where are the remains from the time of Moses (and of Abraham), from the period of the Exodus, and from the era of the Judges which we would expect to find if this site is, indeed, Kadesh-Barnea? Thus far our excavations have yielded nothing earlier than the tenth century B.C.—the time of King Solomon. How can we explain this? First of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... trade routes with South Arabia and East Africa as well as with the various mining operations in the Arabah and Sinai. ... when (especially) King Solomon seems to have followed a deliberate pattern of expansion and of construction of forts. ... The tell itself (see fig. 1), surmounted by a large (60 x 41 m.), rectangular, eight-towered fortress, was first delineated ... In 1956, Dothan identified three periods of occupation: a pre-fortress period, containing only hand-made pottery which he dated to the 10th century; the fortress itself with pottery from a very long time-span — the 9th to the 7th centuries; and a ... Dothan had thought that the casemate walls of the fortress had been built almost on the wadi floor, with a huge glacis having ... This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the fortress, the central tower of the eastern end, part ... Nelson Glueck, after first discovering this pottery at Tell el-Kheleifeh, identified it as the handiwork of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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Exodus Route: Men who misled the world away from truth ... Until Trumbull came along, everyone was looking for Kadesh Barnea Transjordan at Petra or in the Arabah valley that runs from the Salt Sea to the Gulf ... There is no known archaeology in Saudi Arabia or anywhere near Mt. Lawz that coincides with the Late Bronze Age period of the exodus at the time of ... Not a single archaeological claim they make is true including chariot wheels, columns of Solomon, split rock, Moses' altar, Aaron's golden calf altar, ... even go through Ezion-Geber between his Mt. Sinai (Mt. Bin Bishar) and his Kadesh Barnea (Qudeirat). 7. Mt. Sinai cannot be in the Sinai Peninsula if it was not part of 1st century Arabia. 8. Detailed study on Ancient Literary sources on First Century Arabia B. Barry J. Beitzel: At the time of Paul, the ... Lake Goshen, also known in Egyptian inscriptions (Papyrus Anastasi VI:4) as Lakes of Pithom and was located in the Wadi Tumilat, as was the city of Goshen (Heliopolis/Heroonopolis = "City of Heros" = Tell el-Maskhuta) and Pithom (Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/exodus/bible-archaeology-Exodus-Route-deception-Apion-Queen-Helena-Henry-Trumbull-Ron-Wyatt-Bob-Cornuke-Lennart-Moller-Jim-Caldwell-Ryan-Mauro-Gordon-Franz-David-Rohl.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... ... As this "tenth century BC debate" revolves around the historicity of biblical figures such as David and Solomon, the discussions are heated and extend beyond ... en-Nahas with fortress and buildings visible most common tree/shrub that on the site surface. grows in the local wadi environment adjacent to Khirbat en-Nahas. ... 61, a semi-circular installation, probably for industrial use, by the corner between the southern wall of the gateway complex (W7) and the western casemate wall. ... in Israel/Palestine (Mazar 1990), including the known desert forts in the Araba/Arava region, such as Hatzeva (Cohen & Yisrael 1995) and Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1965) . ... human figure. Although its parallels are generally dated to the Iron I period, a more accurate time span would be between the mid-twelfth and mid-tenth centuries BC. Both of ... ENGEL, T. 1993. Charcoal remains from an Iron Age copper smelting slag heap at Feinan, Wadi Arabah (Jordan). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2: 205-211. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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Midianite Pottery: The designer import of the ancient world. the mines were abandoned in 1200 BC. Then Egypt was expelled entirely from the Timna/Elat area by Solomon in 950 BC for a short time. ... was dated by two cartouches of Seti I and Ramses V, ranging in time from 1318 to 1156 BC. Rothenberg called the painted pottery ... in precisely the period in question, the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, the 13th to 12th centuries. ... located opposite the temple in Nahal Nehushtan and defended by a strong wall, and the other sites of Timna which had no defensive wall. ... obvious conditions of enmity at the beginning of mining in the Wadi Maghara with defensive walls put up around the miners' camps and ... Kenites, traditionally the ancient metal-workers of the Arabah, played an active role in the Timna copper works, but it seems likely. ... D. Midianite pottery found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Elat) Midianite pottery was found at Elat (Tell el-Kheleifeh) "Like the fortresses and fortified settlements of the Negev, the pottery of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-midianite-pottery.htm

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Historical search for Kadesh Barnea from 1000 BC - Present ... before the historical period, however, the Petra region was inhabited by Stone Age people who exploited its natural vegetation and wildlife. ... to the east of Eboda; so do the projecting ranges of the western wall of the Azazimat keep out of sight an extended desert plain, which ... It is not impossible that the stream flowing down Wadi el 'Ain was once called Me Meribath Kadesh." (Kadesh Barnea, Nathan Schmidt, Journal ... They made many mistakes typical of the science of archeology of the time. For example, at Tell el-Kheleifeh (ancient Elat) "Glueck threw out most of ... Of course, this was in 1916 AD and now we know that the remains at Quderat were built some 400 years after Moses, by Solomon. Today, we know ... Qudeirat has been the almost undisputed location for Kadesh Barnea from 1916 to the present time. However Qudeirat simply cannot be Kadesh ... Onomasticon said it was. 2005 AD - present: Petra area, eastern Arabah Valley, Transjordan The Author seeks to restore the true exodus ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-historical-search.htm

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Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times and Lands List of places in Israel Wildernesses, plains, valleys Babylon 700 km E. Negev "dry south country" Northern Arabah: 2 Sam 2:29 Plain of Sharon Shepherd's field Sinai Peninsula was Egyptian Territory from 1500 ... Dibon: Num 21:30; 32:34 Moabite Stone: 2 Ki 3:4 Dion (Tel Ashari) Dor Dothan Ebenezer (Izbet Sartah) Edrei Eglon Ekron (Tell Miqne) Elat (Tell el-Kheleifeh Emmaus En-Dor (Tell Qedesh) Engedi, Hazazon-tamar Eshtaol (Kh.Shubeib) Eshtemoa Etam Solomon'spools and aqueduct Ezion Geber Gadara Gath, Moresheth (Tell es-Safi) Gath-hepher (Tel Gat-hefer) Gaza Geba (Jaba) ... Succoth (Tell Deir Alla: Balaam inscription) Sussita (Hippos) Tabghat ez-Zafra Tafila (modern) Tamar: Solomon fortress (1000 BC: 1 Ki 9:18; Ezek 47:19; 48:28) (see Madaba map) Tamdor 215 km 59 degrees N. ... Zephthah (1450 BC: Judg 1:17; Num 14:15) Ziklag Zippori Zoar (Safi) Zorah Rivers, lakes Abanah River Arnon River (Amorite/Moab Border) (Wadi Mujib) Besor River Bir Main Borot Loz (ponds) Solomon's border ... ... https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index.htm

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Master Index of Places Temple Mount Pool of Siloam City of David Hezekiah's Tunnel Solomon's Quarry Solomon's Aqueduct Gilgal Ascent of Akrabbim Mt. Karkom Wadi el-Arish Timna Bethlehem Arabah valley Joshua's Altar Shechem Mt. Ebal Mt. Gerizim The Exodus Route: Proving the Exodus route from the Bible Date ... Rephidim (Meribah) Wilderness of Sinai Mt. Sinai: at Mt. Lawz Sinai to Kadesh: Mt. Seir Ezion Geber Kadesh Barnea at Petra History of the search for Kadesh Kadesh to Jordan: Mt. Hor Solomon's network of military border fortresses: For overview: read the introduction Ein Qudeirat Ein Qedeis Ein Quseima Loz Ponds Kuntillet Ajrud Elat Tell el-kheleifeh Jezirat Faraun Khirbat en-Nahas Haseva Ein Muweileh Pottery of the Bible: Midianite Pottery: The fine china Negev Pottery: Disposable dishware Cypriot pottery: Expensive imports Temple of Jupiter photo gallery Click to View The Kingdom of Solomon: Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-index.htm

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The Exodus Route: Travel times, distances, rates of travel, days ... "The Red Sea Miracle" and "Journey to Mt. Sinai" Overview of the Exodus and Conquest: In 1446 BC, the 700 km trip from Goshen (Tell el-Dab'a) to Mt. Sinai took a total of took 47 days. ... Horeb for a massive water supply for 3 million Hebrews. On day 48 Moses ascends Mt. Sinai for the first time and God recites the Ten Commandments orally. Moses descends and tells the ... The journey from Mt. Sinai through Ezion Geber (Numbers 33:35-36) to Kadesh Barnea, was 20 stops over a period of about 11 months. Israel spends 38 years camped at Kadesh Barnea located at modern Petra. Aaron died on the 1st day of the 5th month of the ... They journeyed east to avoid the Edomites living in the mountains and began moving north. Before they crossed the Wadi Zered, Israel rebelled again with the result that God sends ... This would fit the New Testament antitype of water baptism very well. Paul tells us in 1 Cor 10:1-4 that passing through the Red Sea with the wall of water on either side and the cloud ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-travel-times-distances-days.htm

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The historical territory of the Moabites in the Bible The Moabites See also: Nations of Bible lands Exodus period Nations in Canaan Click to View Click to View Click to View The Amorites The Moabites The Edomites ... father of the sons of Ammon to this day." Genesis 19:36-38 Click to View At the time of the exodus, the Arnon River was the northern border of the Moabites next to ... Moses had requested both Edom and Moab to pass through their land but were refused. This forces Israel to travel south to past Elat and Ezion geber, then due east for 20 ... Once they were due east of the Arnon River, they traveled towards the Dead sea in the Arnon wadi valley until they came to the Kings Highway at Dibon. Then they ... And I have taken it in order to add it to Dibon. I have built Karchoh, the wall of the woods and the wall of the citadel, and I have built its gates, and I have ... They were defeated and driven transjordan between the time of Joshua to David. Of course under David and Solomon, they were completely driven east and south of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-moabites.htm

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Mt. Karkom, Israel Sinai, is its location at least 35 km inside the Biblical boundaries of the promised land. Gen 15:18 and many other verses, says that the wadi Al-Arish (River of ... I and where they commemorated their covenant with Yahweh for the first time on top of the sacred mountain." (The Lost Testament, David Rohl, 2002, p 223-227) If Mt. ... Sinai to Kadesh (Deut 1:2) must also be rejected, since it does not go through Ezion-Geber. (see below) We find it incredible that Anati would use the Bible to map each ... Ein el Qudeirat has been the universal choice for Kadesh Barnea since 1916 AD, before this they looked transjordan east of the Arabah valley in what is now modern ... been found at Qudeirat before 1000 BC, yet the Exodus was in 1446 BC. It is clearly one of a series of fortresses built by Solomon to protect the border with Egypt. ... E. Circumcision flint stone tools "factory" site. Click to View Flint tools of an early phase of the BAC period, from plaza site HK 241: 1-Oval scraper on tabular ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-mt-sinai-mt-har-karkom.htm

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The historical territory of the Amorites in the Bible This forces Israel to travel south to past Elat and Ezion geber, then due east for 20 miles then north to a location parallel with Jericho. Then asked permission for the ... Hermon, the highest snow peaked mountain east of tel Dan: Deut 3:8 Exodus period Nations in Canaan Click to View Click to View Click to View The Amorites The Moabites The Edomites A. Amorite Territory from Abraham to Conquest: 2000-1406BC Click to View At the time of Abraham 2000BC, the Amorites lived in ... From there they set out and camped in Wadi Zered." Numbers 21:11-12 Edom's land were south of Moab's down to Mt. Seir east of the Red Sea. Then Israel came down the ... The border of the Amorites ran from the ascent of Akrabbim, from Sela and upward." Judges 1:34-36 The ascent of Akrabbim must be on the east side of the Arabah valley. ... They were defeated and driven transjordan between the time of Joshua to David. Of course under David and Solomon, they were completely driven east and south of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-amorites.htm

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The Exodus Route: 15 Stops between Kadesh Barnea to Jordan Seir is due south of Kadesh on the east side of the Arabah valley. Hormah is north of Kadesh, just west of the Arabah valley. "The Amorites who lived in that hill ... D. After being forbidden to enter the promised land God told Moses to turn around and go south from Kadesh Barnea (near Petra) towards the Red Sea (Ezion Geber). It ... Many commentators mistakenly believe Num 20:1 was the 40th year, but they are wrong. The verse tells us they arrived at Kadesh in the first month, but does not tell ... Yet the real Kadesh Barnea of the Bible was described as a waterless place. There was a spring at the time of Abraham, but no evidence it was even still flowing at ... BC Jephthah asked the king of the Ammonites for peace and recount the exodus period of 1406 BC: "But Jephthah sent messengers again to the king of the sons of ... Numbers 21:9 M. They camped in the valley of the Zered wadi, and Moses addressed the people. Zered is the boundary between Edom and Moab. They were well east of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-kadesh-barnea-jordan.htm

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The Exodus Route: 22 Stops: Mt Sinai to 38 years at Kadesh Barnea Click to View Satellite map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Exodus locations: Click to View Kadesh Barnea Click to View Ezion Geber See also: Thirty-eight continuous years at Kadesh ... Two visits to the same Kadesh: Some believe Moses came to Kadesh Barnea, left, wandered for a period of time then returned to the SAME location called Kadesh a second time, then crossed the Jordan. c. Two ... Many commentators mistakenly believe this was the 40th year, but they are wrong. The verse tells us they arrived at Kadesh in the first month but does not tell us the year! It does not say, "the ... THEY NEVER LEFT THE KADESH CAMP. Imagine the scene of the disobedient Hebrews crossing the Arabah Valley to attack the Canaanited in the promised land ALL THE WHILE Moses and the Ark of the ... Second, this listing of stops must have been well known to the Hebrews who were standing there listening to Moses at the Zered Wadi. 5. It is interesting that while Aaron was actively involved in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-sinai-kadesh-barnea.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... ... revealed that the site consisted of three superimposed fortresses, each one built over the remains of its predecessor, covering a time span from the 10th century B.C.E. to the destruction of the First Temple. The site was occupied by an unwalled settlement during the Persian period following the destruction of the last fortress (5th-4th centuries B.C.E.). The Early Fortress The earliest remains at Tell Kadesh-barnea comprise a fortress and settlement erected in the late 10th century B.C.E., on a low hill adjacent to the northern bank of Wadi el-`Ain. ... The fortress was entirely surrounded by an earthen glagis that rested against a buttress wall, built to the height of ca. 2.50 m. This buttress ... in their exploration of our site, it was subsequently discussed by Glueck (in connection with his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh) and Aharoni. ... The earliest fortress and settlement at Kadesh-barnea formed part of a defensive system established by Solomon for safeguarding his southern ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ... ... So also the dressing of the surfaces and the decoration could be done and obviously- were done without reference to the rest of the wall and colonnade." (Reliefs ... In this victory inscription, which is one of the most important historical documents of its time, Shishak lists the names of the cities, villages and settlements he ... Only a few of the names can be identified with cities known from the Bible. These include Arad, Yurza, Sharnhen, and the proposed identification of Ezion-Geber, which is ... names refer to the fortresses we have been discussing." (The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border, Rudolph Cohen, 1985 AD) I. Rehoboam ... archaeological/epigraphic evidence, it embraced both Israel and Judah." (The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C, Kenneth A. Kitchen, p296, 1986 AD) c. ... Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz The Discussion of Shishak's ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm

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The Onomasticon by Eusebius (325AD) and the Exodus route ... It is also called Rekem (K. 144:7 and K. 36:13). Mt. Hor (K. 176:7) is nearby. The Nabatean influence lasted into the Roman period of the Onomasticon. Petra was one of the Nabatean cities given ... The ruins are inland about one mile from Aqabah but not as far inland as Tell el Kbeleifah which is probably the older Ezion Geber (K. 36:l, cf. K. 34:23, 62:13, Josephus Antiquities, IX, 12, 1). It was the end of the road going north to Damascus and the terminus of the overland road west to the Mediterranean. In Jerome's time it was a very busy port (Vita Hilariaris, 18, and cf. Commentary ... Eusebius does not say if he knows a village or city existing there in his day so he could have had this tell in mind. But if a Byzantine town is needed it may be Tell ash Shari'a on the wadi of the ... The biblical information is here summarized from I Samuel 15:7, Exodus 15:22, and Numbers 27:14. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Gerara, he saw a chewing of the cud or a garden wall" (66). G. Wadi ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-eusebius-onomasticon-323ad.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... ... conservative archeologists may one day confirm Cohen's original dating of the site to the time of Solomon. b. Reductionists Finkelstein and Ussishkin, both of whom view "David and Solomon as another Bible myth", reject Cohen's view that this was built by Solomon and therefore date the structure to the 9th century or later. c. ... The reigns of Jehoram, Ahaziah, and Athaliah (between 850 and 837 B.C.E.) seem distinct possibilities. However, the period of Joash king of Israel (ca. 801-786 B.C.E.), who captured Amaziah king of Judah, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and seized the treasures of the Jerusalem temple ... The isolated hill rises prominently from the broad valley of Wadi Quraiya (or "wadi of the small building"), which forms a natural W-E route. See Fig. KUN.01. The top of the hill is a ... It appears that the site may have served as a "wayside shrine" that, due to its location, was associated with journeys of the Israelite kings to Elat and to Ezion-geber, and perhaps also with ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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The Exodus Route: Wilderness of Shur ... The flight path heads towards the same "Beer-lahai-rio" spring of water in the Wilderness of Paran east of the southern Arabah valley. 2. Twice Hagar fled from ... The modern Sinai peninsula has always been Egyptian Territory. The border of Egypt and Israel is the Wadi El Arish. (Gen 15:18; 1 Ki 8:65; 2 Ki 24:7; 2 Chr 7:8; Isa ... Josephus said Kadesh Barnea was at Petra. 4. The first flight from Hebron: Gen 16: Hagar ran straight towards the way to Shur, which starts at Ezion Geber (modern Elat) ... This is Transjordan and in the same basic area as the Beer-lahai-rio spring. Perhaps Hagar told Abraham about it. Abraham packs up and moves again, this time back ... This places the territory of Ishmael Transjordan and not in the modern Sinai Peninsula. The modern Sinai is west of Israel, not east. 10. Other Bible verses tell us ... If the Ishmaelites did live in the territory of Judah, where current maps place the Wilderness of Paran, why did Joshua, David or Solomon never run into them? In ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-wilderness-of-shur-ishmaelites-midianites-amalekites.htm

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Ein El Qedeis: "Piltdown Kadesh" Kadesh Barnea: 1881 - 1916 AD ... The sheltered position, the broad stream of water, the comparatively luxuriant vegetation, the impressive "tell," the well-constructed pool, the ... Qudeirat has been the almost undisputed location for Kadesh Barnea from 1916 to the present time. However Qudeirat simply cannot be Kadesh Barnea for ... The fortress Solomon built at Kades (Ein Qedeis), is located a short distance from the actual spring. Ein Qedeis is one of 50 Solomon built to protect the border against Egypt to the south and Edom to the east of the Arabah Valley. There is ... Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz D. The shape of ... The fortress of 'Ain Qudeis (Grid Reference 1034 X 0002) was erected on a flat hill commanding the plainland between Wadi Qudeis and Wadi Qudeirat, ... by two massive piers" (1967: 8), but upon excavation this was found to consist of an open space of ca. 6.50 m. in the line of the casemate wall. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-qedeis.htm

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