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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. By Rudolph Cohen and Yigal Yisrael Astonishing assemblage of clay vessels and stone ... The Iron Age Strata (Strata 4, 5, 6) The work at (En Haseva has now distinguished six occupation levels (from the latest to the ... The Stratum 5 fortress, the largest and best-preserved of the three, has been ascribed to the ninth-eighth centuries BCE. The latest fortress (Stratum 4), apparently concurrent with the Edomite Shrine ... Although our investigations and analysis of the material are still in progress, both the archaeological record and biblical accounts ... Similar structures have been unearthed at Tel Jezreel and Tell el-Kheleifeh. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. ... There are several good candidates for the builders of the Stratum 5 fortress. The results of the most recent excava-tions at the ... A look at the relations between Judea and Edom as they are described in the Bible is necessary to understand who the pos-sible ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... Archaeological investigation indi-cates that 'En tla5eva stood at an impor-tant junction with roads leading west, northeast, ... Built according to a plan common throughout Israel and Judah in the Iron Age, Haseva's gate most nearly resembles the ... It covers four times the area taken up by such considerable fortresses as that at Tel 'Arad, Horvat Toy, Horvat Uzza, and ... During whose reign was the Stratum 5 fortress at 'En Haseva built? Thus far, the scant ceramic material recovered makes it difficult to assign a date. It was probably built in the eighth-seventh centuries BCE, during the reigns of King Uzziah and his successors. An examina-tion of the relations between Judah and Edom as they are described in the Bible reveals several ... from north to south leading to Elath and the Red Sea, and defended the area opposite the Edomite mountains to the east. ... ASOR Dissertation Series 6. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Pracico, G.D. 1985 Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excava-tions at Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science Thomas E. Levy and Thomas Higham 2005 (The Bible and ... Iron Age I assemblage, represented by the pottery from the destruction layers of Megiddo VIA, Tell Qasile X, Tel Masos II, and parallel strata at other sites, was dated to the late 11th or early 10th century BCE. b. ... and especially by David Jamieson-Drake (1991) whose influential book included a frontal attack from an archaeological standpoint on the very concept of the United Monarchy of ancient Israel. ... S-3 of the Hebrew University excavations), Megiddo (Stratum VIIA), Lachish (Level VI), Tel Sera' (Stratum IX), and ... GrA-I with tion of 10 Lowland Edom and the High and Low Chronologies Edomite state formation, the Bible and recent ... Fritz's Building 200 (n = 4 samples); North-HD 10991 (n = 1 sample); and West-near the fortress gate (n = 3 samples). ... Taken together, KEN represents a unique record of a Near Eastern Iron Age metal production factory town. The excava-t... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... A. Date of the fortress at En Haseva: "Iron Age (tenth century BCE): Of three fortresses attributed to the Iron Age, the earliest (Stratum 6) probably dates to the tenth century BCE, to the period of the United Monarchy. The Stratum 5 fortress, the largest and best-preserved of the three, has been ascribed to the ninth-eighth centuries BCE. The latest fortress (Stratum 4), apparently concurrent with the Edomite ... Perhaps the site should be regarded as a small administrative city, like the Judean fortified city of Tel Beersheba, rather than a large fortress. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. ..."Another possibility is that the ... Although there is a strong possibility, based on archaeological, historical, and biblical considerations, that Jehoshaphat was the builder of the Stratum 5 fortress, there ... of the middle fortress, Stratum 5: Click to View Click to View By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... 15 [19651, pp. 134-151)." (Kadesh-Barnea, 1976, Rudolph Cohen, Israel Exploration Journal, 1976 AD, p 201) Woolley and Lawrence (1914-15) ... Though many scholars have accepted the above suggestion, there is so far no independent evidence to confirm this viewpoint. (The Bible and ... M Dothan, 1965) Gunneweg also says the same: "The Iron Age II fortress of Qadesh Barnea (nowadays called Tell 'Ein el-Qudeirat) is located ... 1965, 134; Woolley and Lawrence 1914. 69-71; Cohen 1983, 93-4)". (Edomite, Negev, Midianite Pottery: Neutron Activation Analysis, Gunneweg, ... in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) Click to View Tel Qudeirat in 1905 before any excavation: Schmidt: Click to View "The ... at Tell el-Qudeirat is considerably older (10th-9th centuries BCE in the 1a range) than the age suggested by Cohen (1983, 1993a) in the ... In terms of possible regional correlations between architecture and governmental planning, it should he noted that both Stratum V and IV of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... Occupation begins here in the eleventh century BC and the monumental fortress is built in the tenth. If this site can be equated with the ... nineteenth century beginnings primarily because it is linked with issues concerning the historicity of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible. ... Island, BC, Canada 6 Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel 7 Environmental Archaeology Unit, Oxford University Museum of ... in which they argued for a linkage between the Iron Age archaeological evidence at Tel Rehov, historical Egyptian events and Biblical texts during the ... These have proved to be of key importance for re-assessing and clarifying the evolution of the Edomite kingdom known from biblical sources ... A sequence of four main strata was defined and is summarised here in order of deposition. Stratum soil. so n gi r i v e th was Figure 3 ... Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 322:1-10 COHEN, R. & Y. YISRAEL. 1995. The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva. Biblical ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ... Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: ... This would be the best explanation for the occupation layer that preexisted the fortress Solomon built at the site. David and ... The emergence of the Edomite kingdom was not contingent on the region having been dominated by the neo-Assyrian empire during ... of the southern Levant (Edom, Moab, Ammon, Israel, Judah, Philistia, etc.)." (Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, 2004 AD) Problem with all this is that the Bible says Edom was a functioning kingdom at the time of ... For example, the Bible makes over 40 references to the great Hittite Empire. You see, 100 years ago, no archaeological ... and imports confirm two major phases of production in the 12-11th centuries BCE and 10-9th centuries BCE at Khirbat en-Nahas. ... For example, a leaf-shaped metal arrowhead (B. 7559, L. 344) in Stratum S3, and two scarabs from Strata 1 and 2a in Room 4 of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: At ... to follow the contour of lookout plateau or hill top. "The archaeological findings reveal, first of all, that a network of fortresses, ... Second, at Kadesh-barnea in the 8th-7th centuries B.C. a solid-walled fortress was erected over its predecessor's remains." (The Iron Age ... A. Bible verses that indicate fortresses: "Strong holds" There is evidence from the Bible that Israel built fortresses. Although the one's in Judges 6:2 ... and the population of the "city of Amalek" (Tel Masos), eventually resulting in the campaign of Saul against the Amalekites (1 Sam 15:5, 7), which was apparently responsible for the destruction of Tel Masos Stratum II, while the destruction of Tel Esdar could ... Using just the Egyptian Chronologies, apart from the Bible, Shishak ascended the thone in 945 BCE. This agrees with the Bible record: "The ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... Video: Arad Ostraca, Zedekiah, and the Edomite attack in 597 BC Steven Rudd Near Eastern Archaeological Society (NEAS) lecture November ... Click to View Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in ... The troops from Arad and Kinah must have assembled at Mo-ladah (Tel Malhata), which is located in the juncture of the two places, on the ... and Nehemiah's reply to Malchijah in Jerusalem where they refuse to send troops to Ramah-Negev because of the threat of Edomite attacks at their fortress of Kinah. ... (Ezekiel 25:12-14) "Edom cherished an ancient enmity, and gave Israel to the power of the sword at the time of their calamity, at the ... Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah" is intrusive, since it dates to 597 BC (stratum VI) but was found inside stratum VIII which dates to 701 BC. ... It seems that writing letters on pottery began only in the seventh century BCE. Moreover, the orthography indicates a relatively late date, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... As at Tell el-Mazar Mound A, they may have been related to industrial production. 38 Alternatively, these stelae may all have stood in a Stratum VIa-Vb (Upper ... Pp. 297-323 in The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters, eds. D. A. Knight and G. M. Tucker. Minneapolis: Fortress and Atlanta: Scholars. Aharoni, Y. 1957 ... Journal of Biblical Literature 118: 532-34. Barton, J. 1992 Source Criticism (OT). Pp. 162-65 in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman. New York: ... Chicago: University of Chicago. 210 ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL 210 ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL Israel, Egypt, Sinai: Archaeological and Historical Relationships in the Biblical Period, ed. A. Rainey. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. 1991 The Edomite Shrine at ... Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 1995 On the Edge of Empires—Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BCE). Pp. 320-29 in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... Kadesh Barnea is on the border of Edom, and this refutes locating Kadesh at Ein Qudeirat. Starting in 1916 BC, all Bible maps ... The earliest evidence from Egyptian archaeological finds, proves Edom was always Transjordan. Notice that David in 1000 BC and ... Edom, Amaziah started worshipping the Edomite idols: 2 Chronicles 25:14-16. Nelson Glueck recognized that Edom was Transjordan: "Why it was that an inspired handful of religious geniuses in Israel and Judah developed the idea of one great God, ... the Negev: "The Petrans' revenge on Judah: In the late 600 BCE, the smaller kingdoms of the Middle East were gripped by fear ... of Hebrew letters recovered from the excavation of the fortress at Arad by the late Yohanan Aharoni, the Edomites are also mentioned. Aharoni notes that the letters came from stratum VI and suggest that this stratum was destroyed by the ... The Edomites attacks the Ramah-Negev fortress (Tel Ira) triggering king Zedekiah to write letters to the fortress commanders. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 294. (May, 1994), pp. 39-67. Zeev Meshel Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev ... The second part returns to an old archaeological controversy: who built the sites known as "Israelite fortresses," when, and why? The article argues that the model ... Fig. 19. The proposed reconstruction of Beersheba Stratum VII (after Herzog). fact, less than five percent have actually been discovered. In those five percent there ... Tel Masos, where no Negev ware has been discovered, with "the city of Amalek," since the later element is also associated in the Bible with the southern wilderness. ... This identification, writes Eitam, may also provide a "geographical historical basis for deciphering the Edomite genealogical lists. . . . " In that connection ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca introduction: Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, Nico ... Introduction to Arad and Tel Ira Ostraca: 608, 597 BC Jehoiakim | Zedekiah | Nico II | Solomon's Temple | Edomite invasion into Judah Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Click to View Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim ... Edomite attack on Judah Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah" Edomite attack on Judah Arad #24 "Zedekiah's Reply" Asylum inside the Temple of YHWH Arad #18 "Solomon ... point (see no. 53). Archaeological evidence indicates that the fortress fell temporarily into Egyptian hands in 609. The Egyptians confiscated the supplies in the warehouse and then burned the citadel. ... The "dipping method," now common on excavations in Israel, was originated by her husband Yohanan Aharoni at Arad. Each sherd is doused in water and examined to ... The archeological dig report says that ostraca was found in these occupation levels, each of which correspond to a date: Stratum II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XI. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-Arad-18-24-40-88-letters-refugee-temple-YHWH-edomite-threat-troops-edom-Ramah-Negev-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Neco-II-Egypt-Jehoiakim-Zedekiah-Judah-608-597bc.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... Negev Pottery "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" "Negeb ware" "Negebite ware" Crude, hand made pottery (not Edomite pottery) The disposable dinnerware of the ancient world. Click to View Pottery of the Bible Introduction: Negev ware pottery is hand ... to protect and enforce the border between Israel and Egypt. There were some 50 fortresses in the Negev that Solomon built and there is a similarity in the types of pottery found at them all including Negev pottery. One exception was the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud, which lacked Negev ... Although not enough archaeological evidence exists so far for the accurate dating of these settlements, the Timna Temple finds strongly corroborate the ... Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev Qudeirat Qedeis Quseima Borot Loz Kuntillet Ajrud El-kheleifeh Haseva D. Negev ware found ... dating from the tenth to the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) I. Negev ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #24: Letter from Zedekiah to send troops ... of the Bible Letter 1: Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "We won't send troops" 597 BC (this page) Letter 2: Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" 597 BC Video: Arad Ostraca, Zedekiah, and the Edomite attack in 597 BC Steven Rudd Near Eastern Archaeological ... Ramah-Negev, was about to be captured by the Edomites. See also Edomite history 2. Letter 1: Zedekiah issues orders to Malchijah, the troop commander at the Arad fortress, to send 50 troops from Arad and 50 troops from the nearby Kinah ... Archeology has proven there were fortresses dating to around 600 BC at Arad, Kinah (Horvat Uza) Moladah (Tel Malhata) and Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira)." ... Ostracon 24 was found outside the fortress on the western slope, and it should be from Stratum VI (597 BC) according to the script "In my opinion, ... Judah" (Ezekiel 25:12-14) "Edom cherished an ancient enmity, and gave Israel to the power of the sword at the time of their calamity, at the time of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad24-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-life-and-death-matter-Eliashib-Malchijah-Elisha-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Edom-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... ... Ahlstrom, G. W. 1982 Royal Administration and National Religion in Ancient Palestine. Leiden: Brill. 1984 An Archaeological Picture of Iron Age Reli-gions in Ancient Palestine. Studia ... J. I. Duham and J. R. Porter. Mer-cer, GA: Mercer University. Ashdod I 1967 Ashdod, Vol. 1: The First Season of Excava-tions 1962, by M. Dothan and D. N. Freedman. `Atiqot 7. Jerusalem: ... I. Singer. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi (Hebrew). Barrois, A. 1932 La marologie dans la Bible. Revue Biblique 41: 50-76. Beck, P. 1991 A Figurine from Tel 'Ira. Eretz-Israel 21 (Ruth Amiran volume): 87-93 (Hebrew), 104* (En-glish summary). 1995 Catalogue of Cult Objects and Study of the Ico-nography. Pp. 27-189 in Horvat Qitmit: An Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev, by I. Beit-Arieh. Monograph Series of the ... Pp. 249-99 in Ancient Israelite Religion: Es-says in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, eds. P. D. Miller, P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride. Phil-adelphia: Fortress. Holland, T. A. 1975 A Typological ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from Ketef Hinnom: 725-650 BC 9. Elisha of Ostraca found in the home town of Elisha: 830 BC 10. Excavations at Tel Rehov where the Elisha ostraca was found in ... Bible. h. A list of 40 similarities between Elisha as a type of Christ and Elijah as a type of John the Baptist. These are included in green text in the chronology beginning with TYPE: i. A list of 25 wars. 2. Elisha's three prophet's Schools: a. In 1200 BC Deborah was judging Israel ... Battle of Edom: After Edom appoints a king and Jehoram king of Judah comes to Zair inside Edomite territory. The Edomites ambushed and ... And from there, I took the vessels of YHWH" (Mesha Stone, 841 BC) 841 BC Begin Iron Age IIB Archaeological End of Archaeological Age IIA ... The defeat of Aram-Damascus by Adad-nirari III about 796 bce liberated Israel from Aramean oppression." (The Eighth, the Greatest of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... Sinai in Arabia (Unicorn Internet Archaeology) Watch Video Steven Rudd, 2022 Near Eastern Archaeological Society annual lectureship, Denver A unicorn and a drawing ... Buy Discounted copy: Email Steven Rudd to order: Order discounted copy direct from author by email In AD 2005, using the Bible only, Steven Rudd noticed 42 keys to ... The conquest began and Israel passed directly through Dibon-gad and commenced the defeat of the Transjordan nations. While camped at Shittim (Tel Hammam) Israel mourned Moses ... Etham may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "Etham is simply Egyptian for Hebrew Shur, ... Hormah may have been located at Ein Haseva in 1446 BC. 6. AD 325: The Onomasticon by Eusebius Eusebius wrote a book called the Onomasticon in about 325 AD. The ... Paran in the middle of the wilderness of Paran in historic Edomite territory. Ezion-geber supports a Kadesh located at Petra and makes Kadesh Barnea in most Bible ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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Origin of the Philistines, Sea Peoples, Pentapolis Cities, Goliath of Troy in the Iliad and Odyssey were the "bad guys" (villains) in the bible. a. The Philistines were the naval power in these stories. b. ... We do not know what the ancient inhabitants of Crete called themselves. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Minoans were engaged in ... Hence God led the people around by the way of the wilderness to the Red Sea; and the sons of Israel went up in martial array from the land of ... with separate ceramic links between Ashdod, Cyprus, and Ugarit and Tel Miqne, Cyprus, and Ugarit, respectively, to suggest that the first ... BCE). The first stage (Philistine 1/Myc IIIC) is similar to pottery known from various eastern Mediterranean areas in the very late to early/... Of course, Qeiyafa did not exist at the time of the battle in 1025 BC, but David built the circular fortress as a monument to the great ... This will require shifting their lowest stratum layers with "Philistine Pottery" back at least 300 years into the LB age. c. Since "Philistine ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeology-origin-of-the-Philistines-Pentapolis-Sea-Peoples-Crete-Rameses-III-Medinet-Habu-Mortuary-temple-reliefs-inscriptions-Thebes-1077BC.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... ... The biblical notices pertaining to these two sites are of special importance, however, for providing a rough chronological framework relative to Judaean or Edomite control or ... of Religion in Jerusalem; Seymour Gitin, Director of the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem; Ze'ev Herzog, Miriam Aharoni and the staff of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University; Ruth Amiran, Israel Museum, Jerusalem; Edward F. Campbell, McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago; and ... of fortification. 6Although the Tell Arad offsets/ insets settlement continued into Stratum VII with continued similarities to Tell el-Kheleifeh, the addition of a parallel inner city wall created a different fortress plan, combining the solid and casemate methods (Herzog et al. 1984: 22 and fig. 23). ... Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 3. London: Palestine Explora-tion Fund. Wright, G. E. 1961 The Archaeology of Palestine. Pp. 85-139 in The Bible and the Ancient Near East, ed. G. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ... ... The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to the site still bearing that name. Identifying the other fortresses ... The last of the Egyptian rulers to follow this custom was the tenth-century B.C.E. pharaoh Sheshonq I, called Shishak in the Bible (1 Kings 14:25 and ... in detail from the combined biblical and archaeological/epigraphic evidence, it embraced both Israel and Judah." (The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C, Kenneth A. Kitchen, p296, 1986 AD) c. ... Hdst, "new town" (unknown city) 55 P3-n-Skt, "the one of Succoth" 56 3dm, Adam[ah], Kh. Tel ed-Damiyeh Joshua 3:16 57 Dmrm, Zemaraim Josh 18:22 58 Shechem? ... appear in name ring 106 ("Possible Mention of David in the Late Tenth Century BCE. and Deity *Dod as Dead as the Dodo?', JSOT 76 [1994 pp. 29-44 [39-41]). ... Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz The Discussion of Shishak's invasion if Israel ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm

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Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25 ... Aretas IV (9 BCE - 40 CE) is usually given the nationalistic title "lover of his people."] Curse (lines 3b-7a): And may Dushara and his throne ... Israel, Jordan, and parts of Syria and Iraq, all of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the Gulf States on the Persian Gulf. It is not limited to Saudi Arabia or the northwest quadrant of Saudi Arabia as Cornuke has stated." (Where is Mount Sinai in Arabia (Galatians 4:25)?, Bible and ... Goods were shipped by camel through Leuke Kome to Petra then to Rhinocolura. Archaeological excavations have found the same architecture ... Felix 6. Heroopolite gulf = Gulf of Suez 7. Idumeans = Idoumaia = Edomite Jewish proselytes living in the Judean Negev. 8. Nabatea = Nabatæa ... During this Persian period Arabia included Rameses/Avaris at Tel el-Dab'a, Pithom at Tel Retaba and the Wadi Tumilat. The Septuagint ... gulf, there is another harbor and fortified place [military fortress], which is called White Village [Greek = Leuke Kome], from which ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm

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Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ... ... Small soundings were made in 1963 in areas E and G which helped in the preliminary reconstruction of the smelting process, later fully confirmed and augmented by systematic excava-tions. Even ... However, examination of the bones by Dr N. Haas of Tel Aviv University showed that, in fact, 'there were skeletal remains of two individuals. The first one, almost complete, is an adult male, ... Sethos II, at the end of the thirteenth century BC, although its accurate archaeological dating was not possible. Stratum V, the earliest occupation of the site, dated by pottery and flint implements to the Chalcolithic period. ... Continuous study of these settlements, their unique irrigation technology and pottery, had related the sedentary civilization of the Negev to the Amalekite tribes, mentioned in the Bible as ... It appears also most likely that the destruction of many of the fortresses and settlements was actually caused by the continuous struggle carried on during most of the Kingdom of Israel ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... Steven Rudd's personal plea to Zertal in 2005: a. "We would humbly invite Adam Zertal to read this paper on the Exodus being at 1446 BC, not 1250 BC. The altar changed him from a Bible skeptic to a Bible believer. ... Ebal Altar and the Beginnings of the Nation of Israel". See also: (Zertal, A. 1986/87 An Early Iron Age Cultic Site on Mt. Ebal: Excavation Seasons 1982-1987. Tel Aviv 13-14: 105-65. 1993.) and (The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in the Holy Land, Vol. 1, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society and Carta. Ebal, Mount. Pp. ... cult site for offering sacrifices was established here in stratum 2. As evidence. the excavator cites the finds uncovered beneath the main stratum IB structure and the burnt areas, which contained animal bones. ... Others disagree with the cultic identification, suggesting that its central stone installation was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress and not an altar (Kempinski 1986; Dever 1992b: 32-34; Fritz 1993: 185). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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'Edomite', `Negbite' And 'Midianite' Pottery From The Negev Desert ... Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Results J. Gunneweg 1991 AD (Edomite, Negev, Midianite Pottery: Neutron Activation Analysis, Gunneweg, 1991 AD) Click to View Archaeometry 33, ... Little analytical work has been done in archaeology concerning the provenance of ceramics found in the Negev desert in Israel ('Amr 1987; Gunneweg et al. forthcoming) in contrast to that on major archaeological sites in central and northern Israel. The Negev, ... According to the Bible, the kings of Judah were involved during the eighth to sixth century BC [wrong: the bible says that Solomon expanded control in 950 BC] in keeping the Negev ... The sites differ greatly in architectural layout: the Horvat Qitmit shrine consists of a few buildings, whereas Qadesh Barnea is a large fortress. Analytical work performed on the ... Q24) was established by the chemical composition of a Hellenistic kiln waster found at Tel Beer Sheba (see Table 4, columns 1 and 2). The Beer Sheba waster was also chemically related ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... Early in this century, a general scholarly consensus emerged, identifying Kadesh-barnea with Tell el-Qudeirat, located in the fertile valley watered by the spring of 'Ain el-Qudeirat. In the Bible, ... The pioneering explorers of the early 19th century sought Kadesh-barnea in the Aravah. In 1836, for example, von Raumer proposed 'Ain Hosb (Haseva) as a candidate for the site, while Robinson, in ... A similar suggestion was advanced by Kuhtreiber. Today, most scholars accept the identification of Kadesh-barnea with Tel el-Qudeirat, especially since Woolley and Lawrence discovered at the site the remains of a rectangular fortress with eight projecting towers, which they dated to the period of the kings of Judah and Israel. Numerous scholars have subsequently visited the site, and contributed to ... The importance of Kadesh-barnea and its central role in the region in the period of the Monarchy are reflected in the archaeological finds. The excavations attest to settlement continuity from the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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609 BC: Arad Ostraca #88: Jehoiakim is appointed king of Judah ... Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Click to View Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in ... Sommer in 1974 when we walked the entire site and randomly picked up surface pottery and putting all the pieces into a single bag without marking where each piece was found on tel Arad. ... "The last ostracon (No. 88) was not found during the excavations, but was discovered in March 1974 by Israel Sommer of the Ein Gedi Field School during a visit at the tell. Although remains of only three lines were preserved, these lines are clearly part of a letter from the king of Judah to the fortress commander; according to the handwriting, it must come from Stratum VII. This is an important addition to the collection of ... Click here for SPECIAL INTRODUCTION TO ALL ARAD OSTRACA . Edomite attack on Judah Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah" Edomite attack on Judah Arad #24 "Zedekiah's Reply" Asylum inside the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad88-letters-Jehoiakim-Judah-appointed-king-by-Pharoah-Neco-II-Egypt-2Kings23-34-I-became-king-in-all-the-land-be-strong-609bc.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... ... NOTES 'A forerunner of this type from the 10th century B.C. may be seen in the fortress of Stratum XI at Arad, which had towers at each of its four corners and two more along each of its sides (M. Aharoni 1981). 'This analysis may throw some ... of settlement prevailing in the second half of the 10th century B.C. The drastic change in the layout and nature of the site in Stratum I can best be explained by assuming that this stratum was founded by an entirely different ethnic group. ... Pp. 771-75 in M. Avi-Yonah and E. Stern, eds., Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, vol. 3. 1979 The Beginning of Israelite Material Culture. Paper presented at the Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel, Tel Aviv. Mazar, B. 1965 The Sanctuary of ... 1972 Timna. London: Thames and Hudson. Yadin, Y. 1970 Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. The Biblical Archaeologist 33: 66-96. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rolalyn-maqsood-petra ... ... in the large protected basin-like valley encircled by the mountains, with the massive rock now called Umm al-Biyara (Mother of Cisterns) as its natural fortress. ... Descendants of Abraham The history of Petra as told in the Bible concerns the descendants of the Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) through his son Ishmael and his grandson ... The Israelites, with no metallurgical expertise, were at a serious disadvantage. "There was no smith to be found throughout all the land of Israel . . . and there was no sword or spear in the hand of the people." (1 Sam. 13:19-22). The Hebrews defeat the Petrans The first Israelite king was Saul (shortly before 1000 BCE). He ... Saul apparently made use of some of the Petrans he had conquered. His chief herdsman was Doeg the Edomite, who presumably looked after his flocks in the newly ... Tradition specifies that these survivors were actually the "cousin" tribe to the 'Ad, for they were also descended from Noah. The first known archaeological ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rosalyn-maqsood-petra-a-travelers-guide-1994ad.htm

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Book of Balaam Son of Beor Inscription at Tell Deir Alla, Succoth ... ... Beor, "a seer of the gods," who is also known in the biblical tradition recorded in Num 22-24. Like the prophets of ancient Israel, Balaam in this account is privy to the deliberations of the divine council. ... Trust your Bible! 3. "In an unprecedented discovery, an ancient text found at Deir Alla, Jordan, in 1967 tells about the activities of a prophet named Balaam. Could this be the Balaam of the Old Testament? ... The inscriptions, written in ink on plaster with a nib, were displayed on the walls. They belong to stratum IX at the site, which has been dated to the ninth and eighth centuries bce, with the inscriptions, themselves, dated on the basis of laboratory tests to ca. 800 bce (Ibrahim and van der Kooij 1991). Tel Deir ʿAlla is located about eight kilometers east of the Jordan, not far from the northern bank of the Zerqa river (the biblical Jabbok), which flows into the Jordan. The plaster inscriptions are on display in the Archaeological Museum in Amman, Jordan." (Monumental ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-balaam-son-of-beor-inscription-tell-deir-alla-succoth-1400-750bc.htm

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Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ... ... Often distinct Archaeological ages separated by thousands of years are fabricated which are based upon concurrent regional differences in localized assemblages. 4. Levant: The historic lands ... I. Stratum levels are assigned in the order from the surface they are excavated, not the order of original construction. 10. Babel Veteran: Someone (ie. Heber) who eye witnessed Tower of Babel and had their natural born language changed. 11. Babel Baby Boomer: Someone (ie. Peleg) who was born after the Tower of Babel and learned a new language from birth. 12. Tell (Tel): An archeological site. Master Bible ... 19 of Ahmoses' 25-year reign at the very latest." (Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Redford, Donald, Bronze Age Collapse, Ch 8, 1992 AD) 7. Low Egyptian Chronology (LC) is favored. ... Mashu where Ut-napištim lives. 2. Shamash, the Akkadian sun god, stepping through the mountains at dawn with rays springing from his shoulders; cylinder seal impression, ca. 2400 bce. 3. ... ... https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm

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Misidentified: "Belonging to Jotham" and "Belonging to Eliakim ... ... not dating the seal accurately and for not discerning its "nationality" [ie Edomite not Judean] since they did not have the information at their disposal that we do. ... Albright's colleague, Father Louis Hustles Vincent, explained the form yirkn to him as "Jochin," a hypocoristicon of ywykyn (in the Hebrew Bible, the consonants ... destruction layers related to the Assyrian king Sennacherib's campaign of 701 BCE. We also now know that Albright's interpretation of the Eliakim na˓ar Yokan ... Eliakim Na˓ar Yokan Seal Impressions: Sixty Years of Confusion in Biblical Archaeological Research, Yosef Garfinkel, Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 53, 1990 AD) 5. ... This argument about their stratigraphic dating spanned half a century,' and it was not settled until David Ussishkin's excavation of Lachish Level III. This stratum ... 100 year distortion" 1. With the seal misdated to Jehoiachin initially, it seriously warped and skewed the archeological interpretations for all site in Israel. a. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-Belonging-to-Eliakim-servant-of-Jehoiachin-belonging-to-Jotham-misidentified.htm

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The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ... ... IV (1957), pp. 57-66. 16. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible (London: Burns & Oates, 1974), pp. 288-290. 17. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible, p. 273. 18. Aharoni, The Archaeology of Israel ... The "Way of Shur" (Genesis 16:7; 20:1) ran from Beer-Sheva through the area of Halussa, Nisana, and from there to the Sinai interior, on the way towards Egypt. The Bible also alludes to the ... that there is no archaeological basis for this view. Ze'ev Meshel's excavations at Yotveta have revealed that the fortress here postdates considerably those of the Central Negev network (Meshel, "Notes and News: Yotveta," IEJ 24 [1974] pp. 273-274) and a recent re-examination of Glueck's finds at Tel el-Kheleifeh (which he identified with Ezion-geber) has conclusively proved that the tenth-century B.C. pottery is not represented (Gary Pratico, "Tell el Kheleifeh 1938-1940: A forthcoming reappraisal," BA, 1982, pp. 120-121). It may be, therefore, that Solomon employed the Edomite King's Highway in Transjordan ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm

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495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ... ... the cataract region, who presided over the flood cycles of the Nile." (Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Elephantine Papyri, 2001 AD) 3. The island of Elephantine, beside ... The name of the city probably reflects this trade." (The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Elephantine, 1990 AD) b. "therefore, behold, I am against you ... built that temple in the Elephantine fortress and when Cambyses [the Persian ruler who conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.E.] entered Egypt, he found that temple built." ... From Joshua to the prophets to the Babylonian exiles, it was understood that cultic activities should not be performed outside the land of Israel. When the cured ... As it happens, the years of most knowledge about the Elephantine community come toward the end of the fifth century bce, which is why this precís is included in this ... B (1) Babylonian porridge, (2) Median beer, (3) Edomite vinegar, (4) Egyptian barley beer; C (5) dyers' pulp, (6) cooks' starch flour, and (7) scribes' paste. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm

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The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra ... Key Bible verses: 1. Num 34:3-5 2. Josh 15:1-4, 47 3. 1 Ki 4:21; 8:65 4. 2 Ki 24:7 5. 2 Chron 9:26 6. Ezek 47:19 7. Isa 27:12-13 Border and Brook used interchangeably: ... Never in Israel's history has this been the border between Israel and Egypt until 1947 AD. At the time of the Exodus, Israel was not "out of Egypt" until they crossed ... A Late Bronze age prison camp where inmates had their noses cut off. A Late Bronze age Egyptian fortress. Located on the border of Egypt as a last stop before entering Canaan at Raphia and Gaza. Archaeologists have misidentified ancient Tharu at Tel Habuwa which is located 2 km east of the modern Suez Canal and has ... Transjordan tribe from the Wadi Zered, past Kadesh Barnea at Petra, down to the Red Sea in the mountains. Tamar A town located just south of the Dead sea at Ein Haseva. ... Qudeirat was the "border town" between Egypt and Israel after 900 BC. 4. Archaeological reports about the excavations at Ein el-Quderat misidentified as Kadesh Barnea: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... There were also two characteristically delicate CyproPhoenician juglets and fragments of painted "Edomite" ware. Crude handmade pottery also was found at this level, including the incense-burner, alluded to above, ... Exploration Journal 15: 134-51. 1977 Kadesh Barnea. Pp. 697-98 in Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society and Massada. Fensham, F. C. 1964 Did a Treaty ... Mazar, B. 1957 The Campaign of Pharaoh Shishak to Palestine. Supplement to Vetus Testamentum 4: 57-66. Mazar, B.; Dothan, T.; and Dunayevsky, E. 1966 EM Gedi: Archaeological Excavation 1961-1962. `Atiqot (English Series) 5. Meshel, Z. 1977 Horvat R itma: An Iron Age Fortress in the Negev Highlands. Tel Aviv 4: 110-35. Palmer, E. H. 1871 The Desert ... of Zin. Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 3. London: Committee for Palestine Exploration Fund. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted ... and the Wadi El-Arish. 40. The Conquest began in 1406 BC and took 6 years. 41. The archaeological evidence and ancient literary sources for Mt. Sinai in Saudi Arabia. ... Goshen to Sinai took 47 days not 60 days: Ex 19:1. Moses spotlights God's divine providence behind the exodus journey by noting the precise timing of Israel leaving ... Both the Gulf of Aqaba and Suez are called the Red Sea in scripture. There were numerous roads called the "way to the Red Sea" in the Bible, depending on your ... Shur (Gen 21:21). ii. In 1446 BC, the way of the Philistines, was the coastal trade route from Tel el-Dab'a up the coastline of Canaan to where the Philistines lived. ... Tharu was a Late Bronze age Egyptian fortress located on the border of Egypt as a last stop before entering Canaan at Raphia and Gaza. (The Battle of Megiddo by ... By 597 BC the Edomite Threat became very serious when one of the four Negev Judean fortresses, Ramah-Negev, was about to be captured by the Edomites. Zedekiah issues ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... Israel did not spend 38 years in the wilderness in the territory given to Judah. So the current choice of Kadesh at Qudeirat is wrong for three reasons: a. Scripture ... THIS IS THE ONLY WAY KADESH REMAINS OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARY OF THE PROMISED LAND as the Bible says. After you pass the sign on the road that says, "Kadesh due East on ... of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck, 1947 AD) "A generation later, in the reign of Amaziah of Judah (c.800-783 BCE), the people of Petra took a battering once again. ... design." (The Water Supply of Petra, Charles R. Ortloff, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2005, 15:1:93-109) Romans (106 - 300 AD) "It is traditional to ... In earlier times the gulf of 'Akabah reached farther north than it does to-day [note: Schmidt is wrong about water levels. Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell ... Assyrian texts ascribed to the Sargonic era (715 BC) mention tent cities in this area. The earliest proto-Nabataean period (sixth century BC) began when Edomite ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ... ... Here is the Babylonian Cuneiform tablet that directly confirms the Bible story. c. What we read in the book, we find in the ground! 6. Nebuchadnezzar appoints Zedekiah as Israel's last vassal ... The reference to a signet ring in Jer 22:24-30 is like this onyx seal in the Hecht Museum in Israel. The seal would be embedded in a ring and used to create official bulla seals on documents ... #24 was simple: Send 50 soldiers from Arad and 100 from Kinah under the command of Malchijah from Arad, and deliver them to the command of Elisha, commander of the Ramah-Negev fortress that is under Edomite attack. ... After the destruction of Shiloh, Nob is where the tabernacle tent had stood for 76 years from 1094 to 1018 BC. i. David fled Saul from his palace at Gibeah (Tel el-Ful) to Nob (Mount of Olives) ... The French geographer M. V. Guérin (1869: 76-79) was the first person to record a visit to Ras el-Kharrubeh. The most important archaeological work at Anata and Ras el-Kharrubeh was done over ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc

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The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ... The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea David Ussishkin Tel Aviv University Israel Exploration Journal 45: 118-27. 1995 AD Website note: David Ussishkin is a modernist, Bible trashing archeologist: "I am afraid that evidence regarding the magnificent Solomonic capital was not discovered because it is nonexistent, not because it is still hidden in the ground." (Jerusalem in Bible And Archeology, David Ussishkin, Tel Aviv University, 2003, p.112). This means that he has a strong bias against the concept of Border Fortresses that ... A glacis laid against the wall surrounds the site on three sides, except for the south, where the wadi must have formed a bank sufficiently steep for defence; hence the fortress appears 'as if it were standing upon a tell'. The floors of the casemate rooms were laid at the elevation of the top of the glacis, 'and a difference in levels was thus created 1 C.L. Woolley and T.E. Lawrence: The Wilderness of Zin (Archaeological Report), PEFA 3 (1914-1915), pp. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm

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Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd ... 2 May in the year ad 73, when it was finally conquered by the Romans." (The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Masada) ii. "According to Josephus the end ... defensively burn the cloister (open arched patio) that adjoined the Antonia Fortress to protect access to the temple. b. "In the meantime, the Jews were so ... See author's monograph on "The Messiah in Coins and Dead Sea Scrolls". d. See author's monograph on "Messianic expectation in the Dead Sea Scrolls". B. Bible passages ... but not near; A star shall come forth from Jacob, A scepter shall rise from Israel, And shall crush through the forehead of Moab, And tear down all the sons of ... After the destruction of Shiloh, Nob is where the tabernacle tent had stood for 76 years from 1094 to 1018 BC. i. David fled Saul from his palace at Gibeah (Tel ... in Tyre, and transferred this issue to a mint in Jerusalem in around 19/18 BCE. At this time, Meshorer observed, the letters KAP, shortened to KP after the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/revelation/

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King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ... So Israel was carried away into exile from their own land to Assyria until this day." (2 Kings 17:21-23) Contrary to popular opinion, Jeroboam was merely a side-show and a "Johnny-come-lately", in the idolatry at tel Dan. It all started ... And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the most historically accurate book of history on earth. Read the Bible daily! Jeroboam, King of Israel 931-910 BC Divided Kingdom Period: Israel: 931-723 BC; Judah: 931-587 BC The Satan King who sowed "Tares" See also: ... Although the Biblical record is silent concerning the specific cultic acts performed at Dan and does not even specify what use was made of the Golden Calf which Jeroboam made, the archaeological evidence suggests that a large, open-air ... 24:05, 1998 AD) "If you look at Avraham Biran's book Biblical Dan, you will find that this structure is depicted in Illustrations 143 and 149. It is indeed interpreted as the earlier altar of Jeroboam I (Stratum IVA) or of Ahab (Stratum III). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm

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Master Index of Places Alphabetic listing of panoramas in Israel: Ai of Abraham, Et Tel Ai of Joshua, Khirbet el Maqatir Ararat, Urartu Ashkelon Azekah Beersheba Beth Guvrin, Betogabris Beth Shean Beth Shemesh Bethsaida Dor Elah Fortress, Khirbet Qeiyafa Gath, Tel Safi Gibeah of Saul, Benjamin Gibeon Herodion Jarmuth Jericho of Jesus Jericho of Joshua Jesus Boat, Galilee Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal Kadesh Barnea, El-Beidha (Petra) Kiriath-jearim Lachish Libnah Madaba Map: 542 AD Mareshah Mt. Karkom Mt. Musa (Mt. Sinai) Ramah Ramon Crater Shiloh Socoh Succoth, Tel Deir Alla Tel Rehov, Apiary Timna of Delilah Urartu Kingdom Palace Zorah Nations of Bible lands: The Edomites The Moabites The Samaritans The Amorites and Tobiah the ammonite ... For overview: read the introduction Ein Qudeirat Ein Qedeis Ein Quseima Loz Ponds Kuntillet Ajrud Elat Tell el-kheleifeh Jezirat Faraun Khirbat en-Nahas Haseva Ein Muweileh Pottery of the Bible: Midianite Pottery: The fine china Negev Pottery: Disposable dishware Cypriot ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-index.htm

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Timna Jezirat Faraun was the Egyptian mining sea port that served Timna. Since Jezirat Faraun is not located in Edomite territory, it cannot be Ezion-Geber which was located under the modern shipping yards of Aqaba, Jordan. Click to View Timna is often called "Solomon's Mines" even though there is nothing from the Bible that says Solomon had mines. Archeology has not verified that Solomon ever mined in Timna, although it would be a rather obvious conclusion, given the fortress he built at Elat. A much better choice for "Solomon's Mines" would be Khirbat en-Nahas since it ... provides the first archaeological evidence for actual and lengthy Egyptian control of this area." (Timna, Beno Rothenberg, 1969 AD) The pottery finds at Timna are almost identical to those found at Jezirat Faraun. ... The Kenites migrated with Moses to the promised land and settled in the Negev. They are the link between Israel and Midianite pottery. Although Egypt had two major mines (Timna and Serabit el-Khadem), both of ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... Rudolph Cohen Department of Antiquities and Museums, Jerusalem, Israel (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) The Discovery of the Fortresses The remains of several fortresses (Qasr er-R ukieibeh, Bir Birein, and Tell 'Ain el-Qudeirat) were first observed in 1914 by C. L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence during their archaeological survey of the "Wilderness of Zin" ... According to the Bible Solomon established a maritime base at Ezion-Geber, near Eilat, in order to carry out trade with Ophir (1 Kgs 9:26), and Jehoshaphat and Uzziah both attempted later to repeat ... Extensive archaeological surveys, directed chiefly by Nelson Glueck (1959c: 146-86; 1961: 12-14) and Yohanan Aharoni (1967: 1-17), located numerous similar fortress remains, the majority of which were ... Aharoni accordingly divided the fortresses into four principal types (1) fortresses with projecting towers, including those of Kadesh-barnea, Uza, and Tel Arad; (2) rectangular fortresses without ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea Moshe Dothan Ein el-Qudeirat 1965 AD (The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, M Dothan, Israel Exploration Journal, 1965, p134-51) The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea M. DOTHAN Department of Antiquities In the later parts of 1956, an archaeological survey was carried out in the northern Sinai Peninsula, including a sounding at Tell e Qudeirat, which is usually identified with the biblical Kadesh-barnea. The soundings ... Usually, these vessels are made from medium-fired reddish clay, and they often have a light greenish slip. It is not a usual type in this country; parallels can be found, however, mainly at Tel en-Nasbeh, Lachish and Megiddo 8. At these sites the store-jars in Fig. 6 : 12,13, are ... and the stone fences in the nearby fields, would indicate that the fortress continued to provide stones for the surrounding inhabitants for hundreds of years to come. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... Click to View Tell el-kheleifeh Fortress at Elat: (near Ezion-Geber) (One of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View ... Seir, the seat of transjordan Edomite territory. Ezion-geber, like Kadesh itself, must be on the edge of Edom's land. Archeologically, it can be proven that Edom was almost entirely transjordan until the time of the Babylonian captivity of 586 BC. This places Ezion-geber on the east side of Elat, not the west. If archeologists had merely read the Bible, they would have used it as a guide to look ... The western side of the mound, today clearly defined by the excavator's western dump (figs. 1-3), is some 6 m east of the fence that demarcates the neutral zone between Jordan and Israel." ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... One of these seems to be part of an abecedary, written in an excellent script. Another contains three lines of writing, the contents of which are not yet clear. A third is an ostracon from the latest stratum, very similar to one from the Arad fortress, bearing at least ten lines of hieratic writing. ... The fact that it was settled from the 10th century, if not earlier, until the 6th century, makes it more akin to the big tells of the northern Negev than to the fortress ruins of the central Negev. 'This is reported in "The Archaeological Survey in Israel, Notes and News," Israel Exploration Journal 15 (1965): 263-64. 2Y. Aharoni, "Forerunners of the Limes: Iron Age Fortresses in the ... of the American Schools of Oriental Research 79 (1946): 17-18. 9"The Iron Age Pottery of the Timna` and `Amran Area," Palestine Exploration Quarterly 94 (1962): 66. 10Rothenberg, Timna, p. 117. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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Pottery of the Bible lands While the current dates push the occupational history of Edom back to the 12th-9th centuries BCE, the sample size is too small to confront the arguments concerning the High and Low Chronologies for the Iron Age in Israel/Palestine. These dates do bring the Iron Age archaeology of Edom back, to a certain degree, to historical questions raised long ago by Nelson Glueck (1940) concerning the Iron I and Iron Ila. While lack of space prevents a detailed discussion here, the fact that Edom is mentioned no less than 99 times in the Hebrew Bible justifies a re-examination of some historical issues in relation to the new archaeological excavations in the lowland region to establish some working hypotheses for the Iron Age history of ... These different pottery repertories are listed in Table 1 according to chronological period and style and with the names used in the present study." (Edomite, Negev, Midianite Pottery: Neutron Activation Analysis, Gunneweg, 1991 AD) It was discovered that the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery.htm

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Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times and Lands Master Index of Bible Study Maps: (600+ Bible places) Press [Control + F] on keyboard to search for your place click to view click to view Panorama photo gallery of Israel Alphabetic list of all panorama photographs List of places in Israel Wildernesses, plains, valleys Babylon 700 km E. Negev "dry south ... Aijalon (t.Yalu) Al Kuntillet Anathoth (Ras el-Kharrubeh) Antipatris, Aphek in Sharon (fortress) (Tell Ras el-Ain) Aphek of Aram (fortress) Aphek of Asher (fortress) Aphekah of Judah fortress (Kh. el Hadab) Arad Aram Archelaus (Kh. Awja et-Tahtani) Aroer (tell Ara ir) Arubboth (Khirbet el-Hamam) Arumah (Kh.el-Ormah) Ashdod (Azotus) Ashkelon Ashtaroth (Tel Ashtarah) Ataroth (Khirbet Atarus) Ataroth (Tell el-Mazar) Azekah Bashan, Batanea Beer ... Ain el-Qudeirat (El Ain) Solomon's border fortress (Misidentified as Kadesh Barnea since 1914 AD) Ain Musa (Petra, Kadesh Barnea) Ain Muweilih Ain Quseima Ein Haseva (Ein Hasb) Ein Weibeh El-Ain (Qudeirat) Archeological sites Aharoni Fortress ... ... https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index.htm

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