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1: The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD
The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 58, No. 4, Pots & People. (Dec., 1995), pp. 223-235. (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) See also: The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen. The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1994), pp. 203-214 Aerial view of To Haseva. The gate complex of the massive 100 x 100 m Stratum V fortress lies in the upper right hand quadrant (northeast). The fortress's inset-offset walls peak through at the perimeter of the excavated area. The wall system connects three towers in the northwest, southwest, and southeast corners. The western wall of the Roman era fortress, ... and Iron Age remains at (En Haseva and presented arguments for the identification of the site with the biblical Tamar and the Tamara mentioned in Roman and Byzantine sources. ... Stratum 4 fortress (ca. 36 m long) with two projecting towers (ca. 14 m apart) was cleared. The southeastern tower (11x11 m; its walls ca. 1.5 m in width) was completely cleared. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm
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2: The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994
The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1994), pp. 203-214 (The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 57, No. 4, p 203-214, 1994) See also: (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, ... In both Roman and Iron Age periods, the tlaseva fortress was among the most immense in the region. Excavation is finally darifying the true nature of the site, which has been known and ... N. Glueck (1934-1935:17-20,115) concluded that the ruin was a Nabataean caravanserai Aerial view of klaieva. The southern wall of the Roman ... Biblical Archaeologist 57:4 (1994) 203 The southern wall of the Roman fortress, Stratum 2, stretches ca. 46m towards one of the fort's four ... Relying on these finds, Y. Aharoni pro-posed identifying cEn Haseva with both biblical Tamar and Roman Tamara (Aharoni 1963; contra Alt 1935; ... Subse-quently, excavators turned their atten-tion to the southwestern square tower and a dump area containing numerous Nabataean sherds (Cohen ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm
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3: Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ...
Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Introduction: Ein El-Qudeirat means "Fountain of ... area of Tell el-Qudeirat in north-eastern Sinai with Biblical Kadesh Barnea, the main place of sojournment of the ancient ... Kadesh-Barnea, M Dothan, 1965) Gunneweg also says the same: "The Iron Age II fortress of Qadesh Barnea (nowadays called Tell 'Ein el-Qudeirat) is ... and permanent settlements, dating from the Palaeolithic, the Middle Bronze I and the Israelite, the Persian and the Roman-Byzantine periods. ... The towers also vary in size, but those in the corners are consistently larger than those in the middle of the walls. The northeastern tower... By contrast, the tower in the middle of the fortress' eastern wall projects ca. 3.50 m. from the casemate line and is ca. 7.50 m. long. ... In terms of possible regional correlations between architecture and governmental planning, it should he noted that both Stratum V and IV of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm
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4: The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ...
... Hatshepsut was coregent with her stepson Thutmoses III from 1485-1464 for a period of 21 years until she died at age 77. Thutmoses III carried ... It may be derived from Egyptian word for wall/fortification. Hb. šûr = "wall" and Egyptian htm = "wall, fortress". "wilderness of Etham ... The Etham dilemma is utterly ignored since all other proposed Red Sea crossings provide no block, stop, wall or trapping and the need to ... eventually passed the mouth of the Indus river." (The Red Sea in Biblical, Classical and Early Cartographically related traditions, Barry J. ... Cyrus as a father." (Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.1) "Livy 42.52.14-the Roman ancestors subdued all of Europe, crossed into Asia, and with their ... "The south side toward the south shall extend from Tamar as far as the waters of Meribath-kadesh, to the brook of Egypt and to the Great Sea. ... Syrians, and Idumeans, and Phoenicians: At the seaside, Strato's Tower, Apollonia, Joppa, Jamnia, Ashdod, Gaza, Anthedon, Raphia, and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm
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5: Tamar, Hazazon-tamar, Tamara/Thamara and Tamdar Syria
... It is said there is a village Tharmara (a fort Thamara) one day journey from Mapsis on the road from Hebron to Ailam (Elat). Today there is a garrison (Roman fort) of soldiers there." (Eusebius of Caesarea, Onomasticon, 325 AD) Tamar is was first identified as Ein Haseva by Aharioni: "The finds from the Roman and Iron Age fortresses at 'Ein Haseva support Aharoni's proposal to identify the site, which was a major fortress on the south-eastern frontier of the Judaean Kingdom, both with biblical Tamar (Ezek 47:19; 48:28) and with Tamara mentioned in the Roman and Byzantine sources cited. ... The strategic location of `Ein ... Ezekiel employs symbolic language and images throughout his book. This further complicates matters. The excavations at Ein Haseva have not uncovered the name Tamara or Thamara or Tamar. It is clear that "(Stratum 6)" of Ein Haseva was one of the border fortresses built by Solomon. There are a series of occupation levels at Haseva right down to Roman times. It is ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-tamar-tamdar-in-the-wilderness-palmya-syria-thamara-tamara-en-haseva.htm
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6: The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ...
It marks an ancient route in this area, perhaps the biblical "road to Shur," represented by parallel lines, some designated with Arabic names, which ... the first, a main stage during which the building was erected was in the Iron Age, somewhere between the end of the 11th century B.C. and the 10th century ... One gets the impression of temporary quarters, put up by nomads. A few Roman Byzantine sherds may belong to this stage. The Building and the Excavations The general plan of the fortress (figure 5) shows quite clearly that it was not completely enclosed by casemates but rather was partly enclosed by a Fig. 3. An aerial view of the fortress. Looking north. single wall. Attached were ... The thickness may indicate that it was a platform for a tower, defending the gate square (Locus 17) and commanding a view to the east, to-ward the only ... Fig. 19. The proposed reconstruction of Beersheba Stratum VII (after Herzog). fact, less than five percent have actually been discovered. In those five ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm
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7: Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev
Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: At least 50 ... It is possible but quite unlikely that Saul built them. Solomon is clearly the best choice from a historical, Biblical and archeological point of view. It ... Second, at Kadesh-barnea in the 8th-7th centuries B.C. a solid-walled fortress was erected over its predecessor's remains." (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) One of the big ... Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) "The tower fortresses, which existed from the ninth or eighth century B.C. on, testify ... responsible for the destruction of Tel Masos Stratum II, while the destruction of Tel Esdar could have been the result of a counterattack by the Amalekites. ... Most convincing is the way the building was built to conform to the topography: the outer wall encircles the entire summit, and it was built at the very ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm
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8: Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ...
... It is likely as yet either undiscovered, or misidentified. We take the view the Biblical Ezion Geber is under the modern port of Aqaba, Jordan and will be ... Ezion Geber is probably not discovered yet, or is under modern the city of modern Aqaba, Jordan. The fortress at Tell el-Kheleifeh was built on a hill 500 meters ... place, could not have been recovered by Syria (Bartlett 1989:127)." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) A. Location of Elat and Ezion-Geber: Click to View We ... A detachment of the Tenth Roman Legion is stationed there. Properly called Aila today (it was formerly pronounced Ailath) from whence the ancient people the ... In the absence of a systematic excavation, the dating of the perimeter wall, as well as the harbor and jetties, must be conjectural. Some scholars have expressed ... The mound has been disturbed at several points by modern military installations, most notably an observation tower toward the southern end of Glueck's excavation ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm
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9: Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet
This was based upon Biblical chronology and the Thutmoses III scarab Zertal excavated. Rudd rejected (in 2005 AD) Zertal's claim that the Thutmoses III scarab was ... stones (stratum IA). This was probably done deliberately, to bury the site. This interpretation of the site has aroused a great deal of controversy among scholars. Whereas the excavator viewed the main building as a large sacrificial altar, N. Na'aman identified the area as Shechem's main cult site in the Iron Age I-namely, as the "Tower of ... I also assisted in reconstruction of the outer temenos wall of the altar under Adam Zertal's personal supervision. Click to View . Click to View 2. In a ... Others disagree with the cultic identification, suggesting that its central stone installation was the foundation of a farmhouse or fortress and not an altar ... The two mountains near Jericho are probably those above Aqaba jabr sometimes called Tyros and Thrax. The Roman road to Jerusalem passed between them. In ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm
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10: Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ...
... relates to religious practices of the Jewish community during the Second Temple period, when Judah was under Persian, Greek and finally Roman rule. ... completely ruined condition precludes other than the most general description, but like the Temple of Baal it had two main chambers and a tower. ... ISRAELITE SACRED PLACES OF THE IRON AGE ISRAELITE SACRED PLACES OF THE IRON AGE The story of Abimelech ben Jerubaal recounted in Judges 9 attests to ... by Abimelech and his supporters has been identified with the Canaanite Fortress Temple 2b of Temenos 9/Stratum XI (Toombs and Wright 1963: 29; Toombs 1976: 59; 1979: 73). The large scale of this Canaanite sanctuary, known from archaeological excavations and biblical descriptions, is impressive, especially when contrasted with the typically rather small contemporary places of Iron I worship. Tell el-ªUmeiri Several Iron I cultic sites were uncovered in Jordan. At Tell elª Umeiri, two buildings were discovered inside the inner casemate wall. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm
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11: Bible Only Revelation Commentary by Steven Rudd
... Titus even condemned the Jews inside the city as savage beasts for hypocritically defiling the temple by turning it into a military fortress and ... was long before the Romans arrived with a full battalion of new replacement Ballista and Catapults to attack the Jews from outside the city wall. ... Jerusalem was one of the oldest cities in the world and was founded shortly after the tower of Babel in 2850 BC. b. Jerusalem was governed by ... The site was known then as Gibeah of Saul, located about 5 km north of Jerusalem. Iron age I installations have been excavated including the corner ... 2:44 as a "physical destruction" of the Roman Empire with the book of Revelation, we again ask where and when that physical destruction took place! Introduction 4: Messianic Expectation in Coins & Dead Sea Scrolls A. Biblical Window of Messianic Expectation: 49 BC to ... against God back-dated from 593 BC.) 983 dates back to the year David forgave Absalom for murdering Amnon because he raped his sister Tamar. ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/revelation/
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12: Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD
... so [onward], . . . passing Aleppo, Ilarnath, and Emesa (where, perhaps, already the sons of Kheth were entrenched in their lake fortress). ... The word is treated in a note farther on. See Index, s. v. "Turn." 38 KADESH-BARNEA. Hazezon-tamar," " which is En-gedi," l near the west ... suggested by Wilton (The Negeb, p. 175 ff.); and the remains of a Roman road in that direction were discovered by Palmer (see Des. of ... the most natural thing in the world, to suppose that the biblical mentions of the Wall "that is before Egypt/ had reference to the Wall that was before Egypt. ... the favorite of his country, the renown and name of the former monarch were trans ferred to the more conspicuous hero of a later age." ... of a square tower are still to be seen, now used as a dwelling;: and the " O / .doorways of many hovels are of hewn stone with arches. ... for it as a fortified Wall of granite, whose battlements are square stone, and every gate of it is iron. The strangers enter not into it." ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm
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13: The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ...
... Deuteronomy 2:22 Isaac was born in 2066 BC and died at the age of 180 in 1886 BC: Genesis 25:26. a. Esau and Jacob were born ... and not merely fictions (Yuhong and Dailey Early Edom and Moab: The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan 1990). ... the Edomites, Nelson Glueck, 1947 AD) This map put from Biblical Archeological Review, (Dec 1996) proves that all ... of Hebrew letters recovered from the excavation of the fortress at Arad by the late Yohanan Aharoni, the Edomites are also mentioned. Aharoni notes that the letters came from stratum VI and suggest that this stratum was destroyed by the ... prolonged study and recollations were devoted to the wall specifically to ensure that no fundamental error could creep ... and Idumeans, and Phoenicians: At the seaside, Strato's Tower, Apollonia, Joppa, Jamnia, Ashdod, Gaza, Anthedon, Raphia, ... During the siege of Jerusalem, the Idumeans sent five delegates to Titus to defect to the Roman side. Titus offered them ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm
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14: Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ...
For all of Solomon's border fortresses share so much in common, that none of them were in existence during the Exodus at 1446 BC. A. Date of the fortress at En Haseva: "Iron Age (tenth century BCE): Of three fortresses attributed to the Iron Age, the earliest (Stratum 6) probably dates to the tenth century BCE, to the period of the United Monarchy. The Stratum 5 fortress, the largest and best-preserved of ... "Stratum 6: Credit for the initial construction of the fortress at 'En Haseva (Stratum 6) must go to Solomon. Accepting the identification of En Haseva with Tamar (Aharoni 1963) joins it to the list of sites mentioned in 1 Kgs 9:17-18 as built by the king.9 The Stratum 6 fortress would have ... Although there is a strong possibility, based on archaeological, historical, and biblical considerations, that Jehoshaphat was the builder of the Stratum 5 fortress, there are, nevertheless, archaeological remains dating to Uzziah, and a case may be made to support his having engineered at ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm
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15: Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ...
Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: (Part of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Click to View This is the largest copper mine in the entire Arabah valley. The true to colour ... Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: Khirbat en-Nahas (KEN) is a fortress built by Solomon and the Edomites probably had nothing to do with it. The pre-occupation level under the fortress, is more likely Moabite or Amorite. Click to View KEN is larger than Timna. "The excavations at Khirbat en-Nahas, the largest Iron Age copper production centre in the southern Levant" (Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, ... There is no evidence whatsoever of any copper mining or smelting activities in the western Arabah later than the twelfth century BC until the renewal of the industry in the Roman ... For example, a leaf-shaped metal arrowhead (B. 7559, L. 344) in Stratum S3, and two scarabs from Strata 1 and 2a in Room 4 of the Area S building are especially significant. The ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm
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16: Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ...
The results were spectacular. Occupation begins here in the eleventh century BC and the monumental fortress is built in the tenth. If this site can be equated with the rise of the Biblical kingdom of Edom it can now be seen to: have its roots in local Iron Age societies; is considerably earlier than previous scholars assumed; and proves that complex societies ... The gate faces west and the Araba/ Arava valley - the main transportation corridor in the region. A sequence of four main strata was defined and is summarised here in order of deposition. Stratum soil. so n gi ... Stratum A3 represents the original stage of the fortified wall perimeter, including the gate structure. Due to the intensive industrial utilisation (Strata A2A-B) that post-dated the 871 Reassessing the ... Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 322:1-10 COHEN, R. & Y. YISRAEL. 1995. The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva. Biblical Archaeologist 58. ENGEL, T. 1993. Charcoal remains from an Iron Age ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm
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17: (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ...
Extensive archaeological surveys, directed chiefly by Nelson Glueck (1959c: 146-86; 1961: 12-14) and Yohanan Aharoni (1967: 1-17), located numerous similar fortress remains, the majority of which were also Iron Age in origin. It rapidly became evident that a veritable fortress network had once existed in the Central Negev. These fortresses consisted of a casemate wall around an inner ... The site was surveyed in 1937 and 1938 by G. E. Kirk, who called it Kh. 'Umm er-Tin and identified it as Roman-Byzantine in origin (Kirk 1938: 220). It was resurveyed in 1955 by Glueck (1957: 22-23); ... It was first surveyed by Woolley and Lawrence in 1914, and their identification of the site with biblical Kadesh-barnea is generally accepted today. In 1956 excavations carried out by M. Dothan on ... The towers also vary in size, but those in the corners are consistently larger than those in the middle of the walls. The northeastern tower, for example, which was exposed in the excavations, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm
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18: The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ...
T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") discovered Qast er-Ruheileh, Bir Birein and Tell Ein el Qudeirat in what they identified as the Biblical "Wilderness of Zin." ... A new phase in our understanding of these fortresses was opened up, however, by a number of excavations, rather than by surveys. I excavated my first fortress, Atar ... eighth to the sixth centuries B.C., considerably later in the Iron Age than the other three fortress plans; these other three are not only earlier, but contemporaneous. ... The first word means "fortress" in Hebrew. Aqrav, as I shall call it here, is surrounded by a casemate wall, which is a wall formed by two parallel walls subdivided ... West of this northern gateway was a square room, about 13 feet on a side, that had evidently served as a lookout tower. The floors of the various rooms were beaten ... Were the inhabitants of the settlements civilian farmers who enjoyed the protection of the nearby military stronghold? Or, on the model of the Roman limitanei, were ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm
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19: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ...
The Survey, unlike any previous survey work ever attempted, takes each grid on the 1:20,000 map and painstakingly Dr. Carol Meyers, a frequent contributor to Biblical Archeologist, is just ... Notable among these evidences of early human habitation is a series of sites dating to the Iron Age. They invariably consist of some sort of fortress surrounding or adjacent to a small settlement. Yohanan Aharoni identified many of these ... If not, could it perhaps be earlier than the 10th century? In addition, the existence of the fortress in its eight-tower form without alterations for nearly three centuries seemed unusual. ... This area of excavation would include part of the casemate wall of the fortress, the central tower of the eastern end, part of the courtyard area, and perhaps the area of the gate, since ... Another contains three lines of writing, the contents of which are not yet clear. A third is an ostracon from the latest stratum, very similar to one from the Arad fortress, bearing at ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm
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20: Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ...
The data suggest that Tell el-Kheleifeh was occupied in two major phases; casemate fortress and fortified settlement. The pottery horizons ... Tell el-Kheleifeh was first surveyed in 1933 by the German explorer F. Frank, who identified the site with biblical Ezion-geber (Frank 1934: ... Thesite's occupational horizons were dated between the Iron I and Persian periods (Glueck 1938a: 3-17; 1938b: 2-13; 1939: 8-22; 1940a: 2-18; ... The excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east- west (fig. 4). The corner of a nearby garden wall was ... The mound has been disturbed at several points by modern military installations, most notably an observation tower toward the southern end of ... Fig. 1. Tell el-Kheleifeh at the end of the 1938 season. architectural tradition of the Iron Age, known as the "four-room house" (Shiloh ... There remains, however, the clear possibility, based on typological and palaeograph-ical considerations, that the chronology of Stratum X and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm
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21: Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ...
Since the "smelter" there has found its way into many of the standard textbooks in biblical archaeology. Glueck's new ideas on the matter are extremely im-portant, and they ... the surface of Tell el-Kheleifeh, it was seen that the pottery remains dated from the 10th to the 5th-4th centuries B.C. Frank had correctly adjudged them to be older than Roman. ... Such a fortress may yet be found, and its existence would comport with the general practice of the early Iron age of building fortifications on defensible hilltops dominating strategic points. At the present time, however, the mound of Tell el-Kheleifeh is the only site known on ... air entering through the apertures in the outer north wall could be felt emerging at the outer ends of the apertures in the outer south wall, the length of the building removed. ... of the apertures were intended for ventilation, as occurred, for example, in the tower of Saul's fortress at Gibeah; cf, Albright, AASOR, IV (1924), 9; Sinclair, AASOR, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm
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22: Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ...
Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines Beno Rothenberg 1969 AD (Timna, Beno Rothenberg, 1969 AD) Ramesside Copper Mines at Timna The Middle White horizon in ... This is why eight large centres of mining activities were found along the to km. long white sandstone formation, operating at the end of the Late Bronze Age and well into the Early Iron Age ... Their mouths showed rope marks and footholds that had been cut into the wall to facilitate cleaning out the accumulated silt. A large quantity of water must have ... A tower-defended gate can be found on the north-west side of the hill. The central part of the flat hill top is covered almost completely with broken slag, ... Clear evidence, however, for such a device was found in the Roman smelting furnaces, excavated in 1969 near Beer Ora. As will be shown in Chapter VII below, the ... The brown stratum, common to all working-floors, is seldom more than 6o cm. thick, and ends with an uppermost working sur-face on which were found a number of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm
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23: The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ...
to minimize or reject altogether the historicity of the entire or parts of the biblical narrative. This book also inspired the work of Israel Finkelstein. ... Many of us agree that it should be the Stratum XII village rather than the Stratum XI citadel (thus Finkelstein 2002b; 2. I included Singe-Avitz in this category since her conclusions concerning Arad and Lachish in the cited paper fit the conventional chronology. In Herzog and Singer-Avitz (2004) both authors accept the long duration for the Iron Age IIA (most of ... a total of 8 Iron Age dates: East-near Fritz's Building 200 (n = 4 samples); North-HD 10991 (n = 1 sample); and West-near the fortress gate (n = 3 samples). ... As seen on the plan in Figure 10.7, both the western and eastern ends of the passage were closed in Stratum A2b with a stone wall. These closing walls, like ... 30 to 40 years within the 10th century BCE. Much later in time, during the Roman period, two buildings were constructed at the site, probably in the 2nd-3rd ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm
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24: The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ...
and permanent settlements, dating from the Palaeolithic, the Middle Bronze I and the Israelite, the Persian and the Roman-Byzantine periods. ... tell be identified with the biblical Kadesh-barnea2. This identification, which was based on the biblical text, has been universally accepted. ... clarify the exact plan of the fortress, the technique of construction, and the chronology of the site. To this end the outline of the upper faces of the walls was excavated; near the northeastern tower, excavations were carried down to virgin soil; the interior of the central tower on the western side was examined; several walls and floors were dis-covered within the casemate wall and the fortress; and a part of the glacis ... Among the group of vessels characteristic of the second half of Iron II (i.e. 8th-7th centuries B.C.E.), there are bowls with disc-bases (Fig. ... I, Chicago, 1939, Pl. 13 : 67. 9 0. Tufnell, Lachish HI; The Iron Age, London, 1953, Pls. 83; 149-153. Also to be noted are the lamps with ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm
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25: Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ...
... Located east of Babel. 13. Eridu: (Babel) Southern city founded by Nimrod in 3200 BC (Gen 10:10). Alternate Sumerian name for Biblical Babel and ... was burned, and a wall was built. Located 100 km NW of Nineveh. 17. Halaf/Habor: Archeological type city for the Halaf assemblage and Archaeological Age. Located 100 km east of Haran. 18. Hassuna: Archeological type city for the Hassuna assemblage and Archaeological Age. Located 20 km NW of Nineveh. 19. Jericho: Founded after Tower of Babel in 2850 BC. City destroyed in 1406 BC by Joshua when the walls ... Archaeological terms: 1. Assemblage: A collection of pottery and objects excavated at a single site or within one or more stratum which sometimes ... site. 9. Stratum Levels: One or more loci considered to be part of a single archeological age and given a single number, usually a Roman Numeral. ... Campaign of Seti I in Canaan in 1295 (Year 1, 3rd month of 3rd season, day 10) Iron Age: 1177 BC Philistines conquer the world 1177-1051 Iron IA ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm
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26: Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ...
Click to View Click to View Click to View Qudeirat Qedeis Quseima Loz K. Ajrud Elat Haseva Click to View Introduction: Dating Kuntillet Ajrud: It may be as early as ... important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" ("Aharoni Fortress" near Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) A. ... It has all the basic ear marks of a fortress with many similarities with, including the corner tower structures. d. Cohen believed Kuntillet Ajrud had three ... It is important to keep this in mind because future excavations and further examinations of the pottery by biblical conservative archeologists may one day confirm ... However, the period of Joash king of Israel (ca. 801-786 B.C.E.), who captured Amaziah king of Judah, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and seized the treasures of ... to the site and by examining the sherds which lay strewn about we were able to detect Palmer's error easily and to date the site to Iron Age II or the Israelite period. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm
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27: Historical search for Kadesh Barnea from 1000 BC - Present
... As they excavated the site, they were unaware that they were actually digging up a fortress built by Solomon in 950 BC to protect Judah's ... and came to En-mishpat (that is, Kadesh), and conquered all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, who lived in Hazazon-tamar." ... and rock shelters from the same closing millennia of the Stone Age." (Petra: a guide to the capital of the Nabataeans, Rami G. Khouri, ... used this as a beginning point for the "treasury" we see today. 106 AD: Roman Petra: Arabia. The Romans annexed Petra and renamed it Arabia. ... Latin combines K. 112:7 and K. 112:8. Some confusion in order of this and the next three entries. A summary of biblical information from ... In 1836, for example, von Raumer proposed Ain Hasb (Haseva) as a candidate for the site, while Robinson, in 1838, preferred 'Ain el-Webeh (`En ... But just as the separation of the mountains of the Amorites from the northern wall of the Azazimat, by the Wady Murreh, is concealed by the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-historical-search.htm
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28: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra ...
... During the Iron Age (1200-333 BC), people came together to form more formidable, veritable little 'nations' that endured because of their higher level of ... There are several biblical references to the Nabataeans in the Books of Maccabees, referring to events that took place during the middle of the 2nd century BC. ... Malichus II died in 70 and was succeeded by Rabbel II (70-106), whose mother, Queen Shuqailat, acted as regent for a few years until he came of age and assumed ... A smaller detachment of troops may also have been stationed at the Roman legionary fortress at Udruh, 15 kilometres east of Petra. Despite the increased use of the direct sea ... The Emperor Hadrian visited Petra in 130, during his tour of the eastern provinces, and the city was known thereafter as Petra Hadriane. Excavations, wall lines ... In 1934, the Conway Tower (then known as the Conway High Place) was cleared by the renowned American archaeologist W.F. Albright, followed in 1936 by the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra-a-guide-to-the-capital-of-the-nabataeans-1986ad.htm
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29: King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ...
... was uncovered, built directly against the outer wall of the bamah (Fig. 13 ); this stairway is in part superimposed over the earlier masonry. ... some structure, perhaps of a cult nature, existed here already in the Middle Bronze II age. In the Israelite period, the bamah had two stages. ... To that period (Iron II) belong the head of a female clay figure and seven-spouted oil lamps (Fig. 14 ). In the 8th and 7th centuries B.C., ... and Roman periods, when the area of the bamah was further enlarged by extending the enclosure. The marble statue of Aphrodite found in the fields near the mound (Fig. 15 ) may well have been located originally at the site of our bamah." (Tel Dan, Avram Biran, Biblical ... is depicted in Illustrations 143 and 149. It is indeed interpreted as the earlier altar of Jeroboam I (Stratum IVA) or of Ahab (Stratum III). ... This unique arched gate is one of the two oldest arched mud brick gates in the world that dates to immediately after the tower of Babel in ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm
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30: The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra
... A Late Bronze age prison camp where inmates had their noses cut off. A Late Bronze age Egyptian fortress. Located on the border of Egypt as a last stop before ... The fact the in Isa 27:12 the Septuagint substituted "Rhinocorura" for the "River of Egypt" in 250 BC proves the Biblical border is at the Wadi el-Arish. ... Tamar A town located just south of the Dead sea at Ein Haseva. Ascent of Akrabbim A Transjordan route that led from the Arabah valley east into modern Jordan. Kadesh Barnea Where Israel spent 38 years in the wilderness. Eusebius says Kadesh Barnea was located at Petra. Hezron Hezron = literal Hebrew: "surrounded by a wall". (Enhanced Strong's Lexicon) ... This might be a later occupation on top of a Late Bronze age city. We do know that Azmon was near the Wadi and this is a good guess. Being just west of a major ... 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD) b. "Notable among these evidences of early human habitation is a series of sites dating to the Iron Age. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm
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31: Jezirat Faraun: Is This Solomon's Seaport? Alexander Flinder ...
... Glueck's disclaimer came as a shock to Biblical archaeologists who had hung on his words for decades. The editor of The Biblical Archaeologist, introducing the article, ... The northernmost hill takes up half the length of the island and is surmounted by a Moslem fortress dating to the 12th century A.D.; the two southern hills contain ... My immediate interest as an architect was in the shoreline wall described by Rothenberg and Hashimshoni. But this had to be put aside for a while until we completed our underwater work. On the sea bed we found a quantity of Late Roman/Byzantine pottery (330-640 A.D.). More pertinent, I was struck by how still ... Masonry blocks lined this channel, and on each side of the channel there was the base of a tower. The pool was not a natural body of water, but was indeed an ... Pottery found on the island by Rothenberg in 1972 and a small quantity collected by us in 1968 has been dated to Iron Age I (1200-930 B.C.) Rothenberg's excavation of the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-jezirat-faraun-is-this-solomons-seaport-alexander-flinder-1989ad.htm
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32: Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ...
... forced their way, in order to get in and seize upon the temple, and the tower Antonia." (Josephus Wars 2.325-328) The same day, Florus attempts to break ... on August 25th, the festival of Xylophory, the Jews stormed the Antonia fortress and killed the entire garrison of Roman Soldiers after a two-day battle ... and burned the Cenopolis (newest) district of the city outside the city wall with fire. (Wars 2.528) 15. About Nov 10, AD 66: Roman Syrian Governor Cestius Gallus, withdraws his armies secretly to Antipatris ... esteemed these circumstances as favorable omens, and saw that Vespasian's age gave him sure experience, and great skill, and that he had his sons as ... who managed the ram, under the protection of the hurdles, with fire, and iron weapons, and stones; (241) and these could do little or nothing, but fell ... The bronze coins of the fourth year coins date to 69/70 CE and comprise the first series of "siege coins" ever minted." (Guide to Biblical coins, David ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible-Only-Revelation-Commentary-Josephus-Chronology-Destruction-Jerusalem-First-Jewish-War-70AD.htm
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33: Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ...
... forced their way, in order to get in and seize upon the temple, and the tower Antonia." (Josephus Wars 2.325-328) The same day, Florus attempts to break ... on August 25 th , the festival of Xylophory, the Jews stormed the Antonia fortress and killed the entire garrison of Roman Soldiers after a two-day battle ... and burned the Cenopolis (newest) district of the city outside the city wall with fire. (Wars 2.528) 15. About Nov 10, AD 66: Roman Syrian Governor Cestius Gallus, withdraws his armies secretly to Antipatris ... esteemed these circumstances as favorable omens, and saw that Vespasian's age gave him sure experience, and great skill, and that he had his sons as ... who managed the ram, under the protection of the hurdles, with fire, and iron weapons, and stones; (241) and these could do little or nothing, but fell ... The bronze coins of the fourth year coins date to 69/70 CE and comprise the first series of "siege coins" ever minted." (Guide to Biblical coins, David ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible%20Only%20Revelation%20Commentary%20Josephus-Chronology%20Destruction%20Jerusalem%20Steven%20Rudd.pdf
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34: Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ...
... See also the Arad Ostraca correspondence above where Zedekiah writes letters on pottery sherds to the fortress at Arad. Letter 1: Jeremiah chapters 50-51 in October 595 BC: Jeremiah writes a scroll, two chapters long, in condemnation of ... He did that countless times in the past, as we see Jerusalem being conquered by pagan Babylonians. Yes one day the Eiffel Tower and the Statue of liberty will be a mosque because Christians failed to take their children to church every ... Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, camped against it and built a siege wall all around it." (2 Kings 25:1) c. "Now when Jerusalem was captured in the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in ... At these two sites we have another example of an Iron Age/Persian city shifting locations during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. During the Iron Age the biblical city of Anathoth was located at Ras el-Kharrubeh, but during the Hellenistic-Roman periods it was relocated down ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc
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35: The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City ...
... Biblical and Koranic references to the Petra area document use of water channels and springs by the inhabitants to maintain agriculture and settlements. Assyrian texts ascribed to the Sargonic era (715 BC) mention tent cities in this area. ... It is clear that a continuous spring supply was part of the system from large elevated cistern on a plateau above the Tomb of the Roman Soldier (16 in B;1) (Browning 1982) also contributes rainfall runoff water to this system. Details of ... On the north side of Wadi Mousa, numerous high-status structures in the B;2 quadrant [Temple of the Winged Lions, Royal Palace (41), North Defense Wall and Fortress (35), Conway Tower (54)] are logically associated with a dam (d) at Wadi Turkamaniya (B;2) that may have ... Provided a cistern could be made deep enough, it would be resupplied from groundwater, a technique well known in Bronze and Iron Age cities of the Near East. Summary and conclusions A comprehensive water-supply system of dams, cisterns, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-water-supply-of-petra-charles-r-ortloff-2005.htm
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36: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rolalyn-maqsood-petra ...
... basin-like valley encircled by the mountains, with the massive rock now called Umm al-Biyara (Mother of Cisterns) as its natural fortress. ... Isaac his second was son of his beloved wife Sarah - born in her old age after a lifetime of barrenness. The elder son Ishmael was the ... At the same time, the Philistines on the Mediterranean coast had the monopoly of iron. The Israelites, with no metallurgical expertise, were ... was Doeg the Edomite, who presumably looked after his flocks in the newly conquered Edomite territories and became a famous biblical villain. ... The Thamud grew very rich from their trade in frankincense from the Yemen, which was in great demand in the western Roman world and in Egypt. ... The spring has been enclosed now in a small building with three white domes (it looks like a mosque) and bubbles out from under a stone wall ... The first Nabataean monuments to be seen are three enigmatic, solid carved cubes of rock some 20 feet high, and a 30-foot free-standing tower-... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rosalyn-maqsood-petra-a-travelers-guide-1994ad.htm
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37: Coins of the Maccabean Hasmonean Era 166-37 BC. Messianic Star ...
the Great defeats Darius III in Battle of Issus In 323 BC Alexander the Great dies at age 32 on June 10: The Great broken horn of Daniel. ... with object numbers: "K series" KEM-1112 Cav1 2013; KEM-2855 W22 (tower) 2016; KEM-935 O21 2013; KEM-3144 surface 2016. The author also ... propaganda and stopped soon after its introduction." (Guide to biblical coins, David Hendin, coin 1151, p 200) Alexander Jannaeus year 78 ... Herod executes Hycranus II after inviting him to Jerusalem: 30 BC Judah under Roman control when Herod kills last Hasmonean: Hycranus II: 30 ... They took captive the women and children, and seized the livestock. Then they fortified the city of David with a great strong wall and strong ... Then Bacchides returned to Jerusalem and built strong cities in Judea: the fortress in Jericho, and Emmaus, and Beth-horon, and Bethel, and ... made them all run away, and slew them so long, that their weapons of iron were blunted, and their hands quite tired with the slaughter; (344) ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Maccabean-Hasmonean-166-37BC.htm
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38: Jerusalem Temple Mount: The Charles Wilson and Charles Warren ...
... The photographs, Nos. 32, 33, represent the Damascus gate, and portions of the wall to the west of it, with the scarped rocks upon which the wall is built. No. 34 ... This fortress, Josephus goes on to say, "was erected on a great precipice," and " stood at the junction of the northern and western cloisters, that is, on the north-west angle of the enclosure of the Temple;" and that "it had passages down to both cloisters, through which the guard (for there always lay in the tower a Roman legion) ... blocks of "malaki," a great deal of the upper " missae" has been used; this stratum, which may be almost called "cakooli," contains. a number of small nodules, ... the Bath), the Bab-al-Kattanin (Gate of the Cotton Sellers), the Bab-al-Hadid (Iron Gate), the Bab-an -Nazir or Nadhir (Gate of the Inspector), also known amongst ... It is very difficult to judge of the age of these conduits, but where cut in the rock they have been probably made at the same period as the cisterns, as the one ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-charles-wilson-charles-warren.htm
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39: Seals, Bulla, Documents, Pottery & Antitypical New Testament ...
... sulfur, kindles it." (Isaiah 30:33) Egyptian relief of pottery kiln tower: Two Bilobate Persian period kilns from Khirbet Nisya that date to ... An Egyptian scribe with his kit tucked into his waistband is portrayed in Views of the Biblical World [Hebrew], ed. B. Mazar" (AYBC, Ezekiel ... including ostrich eggs and feathers, a monkey, gold, and ebony. Wall painting tomb of Rekhamire at Thebes: 1475-1448 BC 2. Egyptian ... the ages to our glory; the wisdom which none of the rulers of this age has understood; for if they had understood it they would not have ... When the Roman army came in 68 AD, the scribes placed the scrolls in clay jars & hid them in the caves of Qumran. Cave 4 is where the famous ... Ranchers sear a property identification mark onto their cows with hot branding Iron. Once each rancher has branded all their cattle, they let ... God! G. Seals were tangible pledges of security "It was told to Tamar, "Behold, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep." ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-seals-clay-bulla-scribes-inkwells-quills-papyrus-documents-scriptorium-antitype-assurance-salvation-Christ.htm
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40: In Darkest England and the Way Out, William Booth 1890 AD
... Booth took an industrial census of East London. This district, which comprises Tower Hamlets, Shoreditch, Bethnal Green and Hackney, contains a population of ... like is that they are founded, not upon "rock," nor even upon "sand," but upon the bottomless bog of the stratum of the Workless. It is here where we must begin. ... Everybody marches about a hundred yards along to the iron barrier--a temporary chair affair, guarded by the dock police. Those men who have previously (i.e., ... A short time ago a respectable man, a chemist in Holloway, fifty years of age, driven hard to the wall, tried to end it all by cutting his throat. His wife also cut her throat, and at ... from those who habitually practise them, that there will be a protest against merely describing one of them by the right Biblical name. Why not say prostitution? ... A TICKET-OF-LEAVE WOMAN. A. B. was the child of respectable working people--Roman Catholics-- but was early left an orphan. She fell in with bad companions, and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/in-darkest-england-and-the-way-out-william-booth-1890ad.htm
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41: REFUTED: Full-Preterist, "Realized Eschatology", "AD 70 doctrine ...
... Haggai 1:1: 29th August 520 BC e. "shake heavens and earth, greater glory" Haggai 2:1-9 = 16th November 520 BC f. No wall stones are yet laid ... smooth; I will shatter the doors of bronze and cut through their iron bars. "I will give you the treasures of darkness And hidden wealth ... their way, in order to get in and seize upon the temple, and the tower Antonia." (Josephus Wars 2.325-328) The same day, Florus attempts to break into the temple to steal the riches, through the Antonia fortress but failed. (Wars 2.331) Florus leaves the city and withdraws the ... earlier. Next they chose the arrival of the Florus' two cohorts of Roman solders to Jerusalem in April AD 66 fulfilling Lk 21:20. This gives ... Preterists teach after June 4th AD 66 that the "present age" and "the age to come" are determined when a person is born and dies. 5. In truth, Full-Preterists turn standard Eschatological time into a jumbled mish mash of confusion. a. Correct Biblical Eschatology "time ages" are ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Refuted-Full-Preterism-Realized-eschatology-debunked-exposed-second-coming-Parousia-rapture-destruction-Jerusalem-70AD-Doctrine-Revelation-Commentary.htm
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42: Exodus route and Conquest: Hormah, Tamar, Way of the Spies
On the east side the boundary will run between Hauran and Damascus, along the Jordan between Gilead and the land of Israel, to the eastern sea and as far as Tamar"(Ezekiel 47:13, 19). Biblical Tamar, 30 miles south of the Dead Sea, was one of the main cities on the spice trade. More than 25,000 objects ranging from the First Temple period to the early Arab period have been uncovered here, including a pit with Edomite cultic figures, Iron Age walls, gates and an altar, and a Roman fortress. Dig directors Tali Erickson of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mark Shipp of Austin College and Craig Bowman of Rochester College will focus on the Iron Age walls this season. Tamar is one of the few sites where volunteers can dig for a single day. The references to Arad, Hormah, and the Way of the Atharim have provided biblical historians, geographers, and archaeologists considerable difficulties. If the reference to Arad means the city of Arad, as identified with Tel Arad in the eastern ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-way-of-spies-hormah.htm
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43: enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ...
We may distinguish three distinct geo-graphical zones within the Negev of today and suggest their possible biblical equivalents. The Negeb (or "Negeb of Judah") was apparently confined to the Beersheva ... This typology, which ignores the factor of size, lumps radically different types of structures into a single category. For example, the fortress at Horvat Rahba, which is some 75 m. in length, is included ... to the end of the Iron Age at Kadesh-barnea (Cohen 1980: 77)—the presence of this ware cannot, of course, support any particular date within the Iron Age for these sites. Cohen's suggestion to relate this ware to the Kenites (1980: 77) is apparently contradicted by the evidence from the only site so far attributed to this tribe, namely Stratum XII at Arad (Mazar ... Here it is clear that the remains do not belong to an independent casemate wall. Instead, what we have is a series of dwellings, arranged as a belt around the circumference of the hilltop. Most of these ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm
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44: The Madaba map (mosaic floor) 542 AD St. George's Orthodox church ...
... It shows a revival in the fourth century A.D. as also does Oboda (Avdat, 'Abda, and K. 176:9).This may be indicated by "village" in Greek and "oppidum" in Latin (cf. K. 10:25). II Chronicles 20:2 identified Thamar with En Gedi or at least locates it in the district of En Gedi (86:16). Jerome in Hebrew Questions says, "his city which we now call Engaddi, is rich in balsam and palms since Asason Thamar translated into our language is city of the palms'" (18) (cf. Judges 1: 16, Ezekiel 47: 29). Tamar is was identified by Rudolph Cohen to be En Haseva. "In an article last year (BA 57:4119941), we outlined the Roman, Nabatean, and Iron Age remains at (and presented arguments for the identification of the site with the biblical Tamar and the Tamara mentioned in Roman and Byzantine sources. (En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 58, No. 4, Pots & People. (Dec., 1995), pp. 223-235., 1995 AD) This identification of Tamar with En Haseva is quite uncertain. For full ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-madaba-map.htm
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45: The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ...
... Biblical Archaeology Review 7/3 (1981), pp. 20-33; idem, Excavations at Kadesh-Barnea, 1976-1982, Qadmoniot 16 (61) (1983), pp. 2-14 (Hebrew); idem, Kadesh-barnea, A Fortress from the Time of the Judaean Kingdom, Israel Museum Catalogue No. 233, Jerusalem, 1983. Fig. 1. Schematic reconstructed ... If indeed it was a separate fortress, as assumed by Cohen, it must have been entered by means of a ladder, or by way of an earthen ramp reaching the top of the wall, as suggested by Mazar8 — both solutions unknown in any Iron Age fortress or fortified town in Palestine. The absence of a gate to the 'middle fortress' apparently forms an additional argument supporting the ... Fig. 6. Stone-built granaries and remains of structure outside the wall, at north-eastern side of fortress. Cohen relates to the 'middle fortress' a few stone-built granaries and part of a structure located outside the fortress wall, between the north-east tower and the central tower on the northern side ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm
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46: Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ...
... The towers also vary in size, but those in the corners are consistently larger than those in the middle of the walls. The excavations of the towers also produced ceramic finds, e.g., the middle tower in the western side contained two complete pithoi. As mentioned above, a ... Interior structures connected with the fortress also were exposed. An inner stone wall, so far uncovered along the northern, eastern, and western sides, ran parallel to the outer rampart wall. Its upper courses were constructed presumably of mud brick since at a few ... In excavating Kadesh-barnea, they noted fragments of "rough, handmade wares, thin-walled, of gritty clay burnt very hard in an open hearth" (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 67). They also had noticed, in passing, similar sherds among the debris of the Iron Age fortress at Bir Birein (Woolley and Lawrence 1914-15: 43). This pottery was "rediscovered" by N. Glueck in his excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh (identified by him with biblical Ezion-geber). ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm
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47: The Ahoroni Fortress at Quseima: One of Solomon's network of ...
Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Map of the Quseima area: Click to View Click to View Introduction: Solomon's border ... At the oasis and in the neighbouring region there are scattered remains of many temporary and permanent settlements, dating from the Palaeolithic, the Middle Bronze I and the Israelite, the Persian and the Roman-Byzantine ... The builders generally chose raised ground, a hill, a spur, sometimes even a steep mountain, and built their fortress on the summit. The casemates generally encircled the entire summit; and the outer enclosing wall was built at the very edge of the summit, directly overlooking the slope. If the summit was oval-shaped, so ... As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the pottery was of two types: ordinary, wheel-made pottery, characteristic of the Iron Age; and rough, handmade pottery, of the type known as "Negev ware" (Cohen 1986). The number ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-quseima-ahoroni.htm
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48: The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ...
... The rooms were formed by thin partition walls between the spaced, parallel inner and outer walls. There seems to have been an entrance guarded by a strong square tower on the southwest side. The ... There is, furthermore, some reason for believing that considerably beyond the industrial square, whose outer wall is strengthened like a fortress wall with regular offsets, there was also in the ... Indeed, one of the main difficulties of the excavations consisted in just this fact —that wherever a later age found a good wall of a previous one, it frequently built other walls against it to form a new room. ... It is particularly clear there at the Early iron Age site of Khirbet el-Medeiyineh overlooking the Wadi Fig. 3. An offset in the outer fortification wall with a section of the glacis in front of ... Youleinu) and Yauglai, for ".Toiachin " and "Joiakim," respectively (cf. Jaw•. Bib. Lit., 1932, pp. 80. ff.). - I am inclined to think that the biblical spelling YWT11 reflects an' original ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm
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49: Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ...
... evidence an occupation of Petra of from the Early Bronze Age (Abraham: 2100 BC), Iron Age (David, Solomon, 1000 BC), Nabataeans (350 BC - 106 AD) and the Romans (106 AD - 300 AD). 9. ... It is said he was also king of Madiam." Footnote #: 773. Rekem. Numbers 31:8; K. 144:7; L. 280:94. Identity and summary of biblical information (Joshua 13:21; Numbers 31:8; cf. K. 142:7 and ... walk (32 km) from Kurnub which is generally identified with Mapsis (cf. also Avi-Yonah) and has a large Roman fort as well as Nabatean and Iron II sherds. The Madaba Map using Jerome's spelling has located properly Mampsis. ... In earlier times the gulf of 'Akabah reached farther north than it does to-day [note: Schmidt is wrong about water levels. Solomon's fortress at Elat -Tell el-kheleifeh was built on a hill 500 ... Interestingly, we find just such a large civilization at Petra. "Flash floods: It rarely rains in Petra, but occasionally rain up to thirty miles away can send a wall of water hurtling through ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm
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50: Timna
Archeology has not verified that Solomon ever mined in Timna, although it would be a rather obvious conclusion, given the fortress he built at Elat. A much better ... in the Roman period. There is no factual and, as a matter of fact, no ancient written literary evidence of the existence of 'King Solomon's Mines'. More so, the negative results of the Timna excavations as far as the 'Mines' are concerned, are well corroborated by 1 Chronicles 22:3; 'And David prepared iron in abundance ... Yet, it must be said that a certain degree of reliance is placed on Biblical traditions relating to the Kenites-Midianites as the ancient metalworkers of the ... Perhaps this fact explains the differences between Sites 30 and 34, located opposite the temple in Nahal Nehushtan and defended by a strong wall, and the other sites ... of a developed civilization in precisely the period in question, the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, the 13th to 12th centuries. ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm
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