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viii INTRODUCTION

Second Period.—The fifth and sixth years of the Prophet's Mission. A.D. 617-19.

54, 37, 71, 76, 44, 50, 20, 26, 15, 19, 38, 
36, 43, 72, 67, 23, 21, 25, 17, 27, 18.

Third Period.—From the seventh year to the Hijra. A.D. 619—22.

32, 41, 45, 16, 30, 11, 14, 12, 40, 28, 39,
29, 31, 42, 10, 34, 35, 7, 46, 6, 13.

MEDINA SURAS

From the Hijra to the end. A D. 622—32.

2, 98, 64, 62, 8, 47, 3, 61, 57, 4, 65, 59, 33, 
63, 24,58, 22, 48, 66, 60, 110, 49, 9, 5

In the quotations from the Qur'an I have used the translations of Rodwell and of Palmer and occasionally those of Sale and also of Lane. I have compared these with the Persian translations of Husain and of Shah Wali Ullah Muhaddath and also with the Urdu translations by 'Abdu'l-Qadir, Dr. Nadhir Ahmad Khan and Ahmad Shah.

The Traditions (Ahadith) of Bukhari and of Tirmidi have been consulted.

CONTENTS ix
Page
Introduction vii

CHAPTER I
THE MECCAN PERIOD

The first revelation—Indifference of the Quraish—The political factor—Persecution of the Muslims—Denunciation of opponents—Theory of inspiration—Absence of Miracles—Scepticism of the Quraish—Joys of Paradise—Influence of Khadijah—Description of Hell—The Prophet as Warner—Emigration to Abyssinia—al-Lat and al-'Uzza—Idolatry reproved—Hostility of the Quraish—Opposition to former Prophets—Reproof of the Quraish—Claim to inspiration—Denial of forgery—Uniqueness of the Qur'an—Jews, Christians and Sabians—Relation to Judaism—Tales of the Ancients—Visit to Ta'if—Visitors from Madina—The men of Madina—First pledge of 'Aqaba—The Mi'raj—Second pledge of Aqaba—Departure to Madina—The prospect in Medina

1

CHAPTER II

THE MADINA PERIOD

The entry into Madina—The Jews—Opposition of the Jews—Accusation against the Jews—Islam the only true religion—Jews charged with hypocrisy and with corruption of the Scriptures—Obedience to the Bible enjoined—Qur'an the safeguard of previous Scriptures—Change of the Qibla—Breach with Judaism—Sanction given to the Hajj—Persecution and massacre of the Jews—Warlike expeditions—

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