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1: Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ...
Click to View Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Click to View Click to View Click to View Click to View Click to View Click to View Qudeirat Qedeis Quseima Loz K. Ajrud Elat Haseva Click to View Introduction: Dating Kuntillet Ajrud: It may be as early as Solomonic (950 BC) or as late as Israeli (Samaria period, 830-775 BC) OLDEST BIBLE TEXT ON EARTH: Numbers 6:24-26 a. Kuntillet Ajrud is probably most famous for the inscription found there that indicates a period of mixing paganism with pure monotheistic Judaism: "Amaryau said to my lord. ... may you be blessed by Yahweh and by his Asherah. Yahweh bless you and keep you and be with you". b. ... The Phoenician inscription is not a direct match for the Torah words in Numbers 6:24, but it is clearly a paraphrase. "The Arabic name, meaning "hill of the water-source," of a site located in N Sinai. (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD). Several anomalies that make ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm
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2: bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-anchor
Kuntillet Ajrud Ze'ev Meshel Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) KUNTILLET (AJRUD (M.R. 094954) The Arabic name, meaning "hill of the water-source," of a site located in N Sinai. Ruins of the site date to the 8th century ... Of particular significance are inscriptional references to "Yah-weh of Samaria and his Asherah" and to "Yahweh of Teman," which provide ... KUN.01. The top of the hill is a long and narrow plateau, and the actual ruins are found at its W end. At the foot of the hill there is a ... He arrived after hearing a rumor about the discovery of an ancient inscription there. He described in colorful detail the vio-lent ... Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls typical of these fortresses, and its remains are ... Meshel, Z. 1978. Kuntillet (Ajrnd: A Religious Centre from the time of the Judaean monarchy on the border of Sinai. Israel Museum Catalogue, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-anchor-bible-dictionary-1991ad.htm
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3: A Note on an Inscription from Kuntillet Ajrud, Debra Chase
Inscription from Kuntillet Ajrud, Debra A. Chase, 1982 AD) Introduction In 1975-76 several Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions were discovered in a fortress-like structure at Kuntillet Ajrud (Kuntillet Quraiyah) in the northern Sinai. Numerous reports on the finds have appeared, but the most complete is Israel Museum Catalogue 175, Kuntillet Ajrud: A Religious Centre from the Time of the Judaean Monarchy on the Border of Sinai, by Ze'ev Meshel. 1 ... "Utterance of Amaryaw. Say to my lord, Is it well with you? I bless you by Yahweh... and by his/ its (?) asherah. May he bless and keep ... The second (right) v is lower than the first, as in the mems found in lines 1 and 2. The stance of the mem is identical to that of the ... 1978a: 50-54; 1979: 24-35. 21n the discussions of the inscriptional material from the site this pithos is identified as the "second" one. ... Review 2: 33-34. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-inscription-from-kuntillet-ajrud-debra-chase-1982ad.htm
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4: Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ...
... The first part of the inscription contains a long list of sites in the northern and central sections of Israel. The second part of the inscription, ... The interpretation of the names and corresponding Bible verses is a hybrid from many sources. 43 of the 187 name rings are Bible cities! 1 Upper Egypt ... Dt-ptr, Gati/Gath-Padalla north of Sharon, cf Amarna Tablet 250, now Jett, Jatt 35 Yaham, Thumoses III, Khirbet Yamma, Amenhotep II camped at this site. ... forts', east past Beersheba (107-112 are linked and refer to a series of border fortresses build by Solomon.) 108/109 Forts of Arad-Rabbath, 'Great(er) ... it is true that no fortresses have been found directly on the Darb Ghazza trade route, several have found on either side like Kuntillet Ajrud and Borot Loz ponds. "And above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" ("Aharoni Fortress" near Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) 124 Bt-nt, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm
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5: Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ...
It could be made easily by forming a dish out of clay to the shape of what you needed. In network of military border fortresses in the Negev built by Solomon in 950 BC, it was most likely made by the male soldiers of Solomon while stationed at these various fortresses he built to protect and enforce the border between Israel and Egypt. There were some 50 fortresses in the Negev that Solomon built and there is a similarity in the types of pottery found at them all including Negev pottery. One exception was the fortress at Kuntillet Ajrud, which lacked Negev pottery. "Surprisingly, the site yielded no "Negeb-type pottery" supposedly associated with the no-madic inhabitants of the area." (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) Although Negev pottery is found on a few homesteads, it is primarily found at either fortresses like Qudeirat or industrial areas like Timna. This leads us to conclude that Negev pottery was made by men as a quick type of "disposable" ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm
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6: Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ...
... 12:26- 31), those nations closest to Israel's eastern border, nations to whose gods Solomon is said to have later ... No remains of the Solomonic Temple in Jerusalem have been found, but its existence, luxuriantly described in the Hebrew Bible, ... Zoomorphic vessels, animal figurines and a krater bearing the inscription çdq (holy) were found in several houses at ... ISRAELITE SACRED PLACES OF THE IRON AGE Kuntillet ªAjrud Kuntillet ªAjrud was a mid-ninth to mid-eighth century B.C.E. caravanserai ... Two buildings stood on the top of the site. One was small, once "splendid" but poorly preserved and the other, large and well ... a number of inscribed vessels (Meshel 1978). The religious expression attested in these drawings and inscriptions is marked by its syncretistic nature, including the worship of Yahweh of Samaria, of Baal and of Asherah ... These objects, including human and animal figurines and an ivory pyxis showing a man at a sacred tree, were found inside and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm
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7: Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 ...
Did Yahweh Have a Consort? Ze'ev Meshel BAR 5:02, Mar/Apr 1979 (Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 AD) The new religious inscriptions from the Sinai The book of Kings describes a time during the 9th-7th ... The prophets Elijah, Elisha, Amos and Isaiah inveighed against transgressions. At Kuntillet Ajrud, a remote desert way-station in the wilderness of northern Sinai, we found evidence of the ... The inscriptions contain the names of El and Yahweh, words for God used in the Hebrew Bible. Yahweh (spelled YHWH in Hebrew consonantal writing) is the holy name of the Hebrew God as it ... Kuntillet Ajrud is located about forty miles south of Kadesh-Barnea and sits on a hill which rises beside the Wadi Quraiyaa. Old maps reveal that the site is a crossroads of desert tracks: ... Most of these were found in the bench-room and in the two side rooms entered from the bench-room. A fragment of a Phoenician inscription was found in situ on the north jamb of the doorway ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-did-yahweh-have-a-consort-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-1979ad.htm
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8: Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev
Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva ... A. Bible verses that indicate fortresses: "Strong holds" There is evidence from the Bible that Israel built fortresses. Although the one's ... (The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border, Rudolph Cohen, 1985 AD) Jerusalem is called a stronghold of David, ... Solomon greatly expanded his rule so he is the obvious candidate for these fortresses. B. Locations of the 50 fortresses: "The site, [Ahoroni Fortress] ... Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) More than 40 sites in the Wilderness of Beer-sheba and ... In the author's opinion, the wheel-made pottery found in the excavations and surveys of the first three fortress types clearly belongs to ... In this victory inscription, which is one of the most important historical documents of its time, Shishak lists the names of the cities, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm
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9: The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ...
... kind, several times larger than most of the other fortresses (for a summary of the data on the fortresses, see Cohen 1986: 330; Finkelstein 1984: 191, with bibliography). ... by the addition of a solid pilaster (Wall 13), 1.80 x 0.75 m. Between it and the threshold, in situ, the excavators found a stone socket for the door hinge (figure 10). ... The closest architectural comparison is the gate of Horvat Teman (Kuntillet `Ajrud, Meshel 1992b: Fig. 10. The threshold and the stone socket for the door hinge. Looking east. Fig. 12. Locus 9. Looking west. 105), which is, however, some 150 to 200 years later than the present site.5 Wooden remains found at ... Theory of Imposed Settlement Initiative: From the outside Kingdom of Israel aimed at securing the southern border of the kingdom or gaining control of the roads through ... of Tel Masos, where no Negev ware has been discovered, with "the city of Amalek," since the later element is also associated in the Bible with the southern wilderness. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm
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10: Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC
Conclusion See also: Excavations at Tel Rehov where the Elisha ostraca was found in 2013 AD List of 75 similarities of Joseph as a type of ... in 895 BC just as the Bible says: 1 Ki 15:18-20 2. Seal of Jezebel, wife of Ahab, king of Judah 3. Victory Stele of Hazael king of Aram or "House of David stele/inscription": 941 BC 4. Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone) 841 BC 5. Melqart Stele inscription of Ben-Hadad II, ... Twin Bulls 840 BC h. Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from ... See also detailed outline on the Jordan River and this crossing/baptism site of John the Baptist. b. Joshua's crossing point of the Jordan on ... The fortress of Kuntillet Ajrud located far south in the Judean/Simeon Negev near the border with Egypt was likely controlled by the powers in ... outline on Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca 2. Kuntillet Ajrud was one of the border fortresses build by Solomon on the Egyptian-Judean/Simeon border. a. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm
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11: The southern border of Judah and Kadesh Barnea at Petra
... Kuntillet Ajrud might be the location of the city of Azmon. The famous "YHWH and his consort" ostraca from Kuntillet Ajrud date to around 835 BC which ... Click to View Click to View Click to View Qudeirat Qedeis Quseima Loz K. Ajrud Elat Haseva Click to View 1. Solomon built a network of military ... They also reject the entire exodus story. You can see the caution and hesitation of the few Bible believing archeologists below who lean towards the fact that these are border fortresses built by Solomon, but simply cannot state it on a ... misidentified as Kadesh Barnea: a. "The earliest fortress on the site was erected seemingly on virgin soil in the 10th-9th centuries B.C.E. Its ... been excavated over the past 12 years-mainly by the author sometimes in conjunction with Z. Meshel (Cohen 1970: 6-24; 1976: 3450; Meshel 1977: 110-35). ... A border is defined by a succession or sequence, of the kind found, for example, in the Judaean Shephelah. Qadesh Barnea and Mesad Hashavyahu are ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-southern-border-judah-territory.htm
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12: Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ...
Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to ... Both Elat and Ezion-Geber were two different border fortresses built by Solomon. Ezion-Geber is the only "stop" of the exodus ... If archeologists had merely read the Bible, they would have used it as a guide to look in the right place. "The first one to ... AD, he re-evaluated some of his conclusions and rejected the site as Ezion-geber: "We find ourselves compelled in their light ... Gary D. Pratico, 1985 AD) Clear connections have been found between Tell el-kheleifeh and Solomon's copper mines at ... the sites to the time of Solomon, (1979), whereas Meshel dates the pottery to the 1lth to 10th century B.C. and ... The ring is now known to be Edomite not Judean. Also found here was an Edomite inscription reading: "Belonging to Qausanal, the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm
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13: The Rectangular Fortress at Kadesh Barnea, David Ussishkin, 1995 ...
... existed for a shorter period.11 8 A. Mazar: Archaeology of the Bible, 10,000-586 B.C.E., New York, 1990, pp. 444-446. 9 Dothan (above, n. ... Burnt layers and assemblages of complete pottery vessels were found sealed beneath the destruction debris. On the other hand, there are no clear ... According to Cohen, it included three successive governmental fortresses built by the kings of Judah. If that is so, Kadesh-Barnea must have been a ... on the Border of Sinai, Israel Museum Catalogue No. 175, Jerusalem, 1978. 21 See, e.g., Z. Meshel: The History of `Darb el-Ghaza' — The Ancient Road to Eilat and Southern Sinai, El 15 (1981), pp. 361-362 (Hebrew). The opposite, however, seems to be true. Scholars agree that the enclosure of Kuntillet 'Ajrud is a single period site dating from the end of the ninth or the beginning of the eighth century B.C.E. During this period the site of Kadesh-Barnea was abandoned (E. Ayalon, who studied the pottery assemblage of Kuntillet `Ajrud, emphasized ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rectangular-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-david-ussishkin-1995ad.htm
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14: Timna
... The cartouche is of Ramesses III, "The inscription, apparently proclaiming the waterholes of as the Pharaoh's property" (Timna, Beno Rothenberg, 1969 AD) In ... This fits perfectly with what the Bible says. "The appearance of pottery of clearly non-local origin does not of course imply automatically the appearance of ... Whereas at Site 30 no Midianite ware was found (but there was an early stage of metallurgy, known to us from fifteenth to fourteenth century Egyptian smelters of Bir Nasib in Sinai) and very ... We recall here the view, voiced by some Biblical scholars, that the cult of Yahweh, at this stage intrinsically the invisible Yahweh who 'tented' among his ... Hand made pottery, known as Negev pottery is found at Timna, Elat and many of the fortresses that Solomon built in 950 BC: "Subsequently, however, similar ... Furthermore, the Negev also imported pottery from elsewhere during Iron Age II as was shown in a provenance study of pottery found at Kuntillet 'Ajrud, a site ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm
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15: Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet
... II. "Animal bones from Level II have been found in the area of the courtyards; these bones are not burnt and thus are probably the remains of meals, not sacrifices. ... the 1406 BC. He discovered the cartouche of Tuthmoses III at the site. (see below). Tuthmoses III was the pharaoh of the exodus. B. AD 2019 Mt. Ebal Curse Tablet: "Defixio" by Steven Rudd, March 2022 Earliest Hebrew inscription on Earth. | Earliest Hebrew use of YHWH on Earth "That with an ... Currently, the oldest Hebrew text that contained YHWH, is the Kuntillet Ajrud ostracon which dates to 839 BC. Kuntillet Ajrud is currently the oldest Hebrew Bible text (Numbers 6:24-26) which predates the Ketef ... the bottom shall be a cubit, and the breadth a cubit, and the border thereof by the edge thereof roundabout a span; and this shall be the base of the altar. ... Such would be enough to prove the rectangular altar we see today could not have been built by Joshua, because no Hebrew worshipper of Yahweh would ever build an altar ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm
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16: The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD
... An Edomite inscription runs above their heads: lmskt bn wham ("belonging to mskt son of wtrzm"). Courtesy of the Israel ... The local shrines of Yahweh, which Hezekiah had attempted to suppress, were restored. Pagan cults and practices of both native ... found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981;1983a), dating from the tenth to the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE. The Iron Age History of 'En Haseva The history of (En Haseva is a rich and varied one. We are now able to tell the story of a site at ... A look at the relations between Judea and Edom as they are described in the Bible is necessary to understand who the pos-sible ... These outposts not only safeguarded the Negev highways but also defended the kingdom's southern border. Many of them, including ... In 1977 Z. Meshel believed the fortresses dated to the United Monarchy but were meant as a show of force toward the local ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm
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17: Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ...
Fortress of Solomon 950 BC but Cannot be Kadesh Barnea "The world's unfortunate choice for Kadesh Barnea: 1916 AD - Present" Click to View "Has the site been correctly identified? If so, why have we found no remains from the Exodus period? ... Thus far our excavations have ... Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Introduction: Ein El-Qudeirat means "Fountain of Omnipotence" or "Fountain of God s Power" If you want to take the easy short cut and skip all the reasons from the Bible, history and archeology why Qudeirat cannot be Kadesh, Click here to ... The border between Egypt and Israel as stated in the Bible, is the wadi el-Arish. Meshel comments on the fortress at Quseima: "The summit, 390 m above sea level, rises some 140 m above the surrounding plain, permitting ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm
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18: Borot Loz Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ...
Borot Loz Fortress (One of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Introduction: While it is true that no fortresses have been found directly on the Darb Ghazza trade route, several have found on either side like Kuntillet Ajrud and Borot Loz ponds: "And above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" ("Aharoni Fortress" near Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) 2. "As for the distribution of ... a dirt road branches off to Borot Loz, There is also a well, named Ma'agurat Loz. The path is marked and there are signposts and a dirt road. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-borot-loz.htm
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19: The Ahoroni Fortress at Quseima: One of Solomon's network of ...
Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Map of the ... The summit was able to watch over three of four springs in the area. Only Qedeis was out of visual site. Quseima is the center of a four major ancient crossroads ... Quseima was the center of the largest water supply in the Sinai. Click to View Ein Muweileh just west of Quseima. Solomon built three border fortresses in close proximity to ... The border between Egypt and Israel as stated in the Bible, is the wadi el-Arish. The family of three military border fortresses built in 950 BC by Solomon at ... Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) A. Date of the fortress at Quseima: "The sites have produced no Midianite ware or other types that might imply a much earlier date. ... Click to View D. Negev pottery found at Quseima: More on Negev Pottery. The main finds, as stated, were potsherds. Not one complete or even restorable vessel was ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-quseima-ahoroni.htm
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20: Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD
THE WAY OF MOUNT SEIR, 74. (11.) THE AMORITE HILL-COUNTRY ROAD, 80. (12.) THE BORDER OF EDOM, 83. (13.) A SWEEP TO GAZA, 102. (14.) THE PROMISED LAND S SOUTHERN ... THE TIME BETWEEN STATIONS, 139. (18.) KADESH IN THE LIST OF STATIONS, 147. 5 6 CONTENTS. III. KADESH-BARNEA: ANCIENT REFERENCES TO IT OUTSIDE OF THE BIBLE TEXT. ... TRACES OF OLD-TIME OCCUPANCY, 269. (11.) HOPE DEFERRED, 271. (12.) THE LOST SITE RE-FOUND, 272. (13.) A BLOODLESS EN COUNTER, 275. (14.) A PLACE OF PILGRIMAGE, 277. ... The earliest mention, on the monuments, of the horse in Egypt, is in the Inscription of Aahmes (Ecc. of Past, IV., 5-8), which tells of the capture of "a horse and ... the eastern frontier of the Low Country against new invasions by a line of fortresses. 4 And again, Brugsch refers to the Wall as barring the road out of Egypt ... sur VExode ct Ics Xombrcs (Paris, 1S41), that the present castle Ajerud, or Ajrud .... is to be identified with its site and name [of Pi-hahiroth] .... is not ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm
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21: The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border ...
1985 AD String of desert fortresses uncovered in Central Negev (The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border, Rudolph Cohen, 1985 AD) An enormous number of Iron Age fortresses have ... And to determine who built them, we need to know as precisely as possible when they were built. The remains of a few of these fortresses were found even ... Department of Antiquities. In 1975, Ze'ev Meshel conducted a survey in the area of Nahal Sirpad, with the help of the staff of the field school at Sde Boqer. ... The three different shapes may be reflected in different words for fortresses used in the Bible. Professor Benjamin Mazar has suggested a relationship ... A more extensive description of the campaign was inscribed by Shishak himself on the walls of the Temple of Amon in Karnak. In this victory inscription, ... The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, which clearly refers to the site still bearing that name. Identifying the other fortresses ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/fortresses-king-solomon-built-to-protect-his-southern-border-rudolph-cohen-1985ad.htm
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22: The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994
... Beginning in 1993, large scale 204 Biblical Archaeologist 57:4 (1994) excavations at the site have been direct-ed by the author and Y. Yisrael, on be-half of ... 1967; 1980; Graf 1987; Avi-Yonah 1966:118-121; Roll 1989:252-260) that depended principally on towers, forts, and fortresses erected along strategic roads. ... Traveling south from cEn tlawva the road followed the Arabah Valley to Yot-vata where Z. Meshel excavated a for-tress similar in plan and size (ca. 40 x 40 m). The fort at Yotvata contained a very important discovery among others: a Latin Imperial inscription. Dating to the time of Diocletian, the inscription was found outside and opposite the ... An examina-tion of the relations between Judah and Edom as they are described in the Bible reveals several possibilities. Amaziah, the son of Joash, diligently ... This is likely, given the parallel between the histories of 'En Haseva-Tamar and Kadesh-Barnea. In Ezekiel, these two sites on the southern border of Israel are ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm
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23: 'Edomite', `Negbite' And 'Midianite' Pottery From The Negev Desert ...
According to the Bible, the kings of Judah were involved during the eighth to sixth century BC [wrong: the bible says that Solomon expanded control in 950 BC] in keeping the Negev defensible by holding this vast area populated as a buffer ... In Israel, painted 'Edomite' ware has been found in rather small quantities at several sites in the Negev (Mazar 1985; Beit-Arieh 1989). Most of these sites are Iron Age II fortresses, some are farms, others single buildings. All are situated ... Furthermore, the Negev also imported pottery from elsewhere during Iron Age II as was shown in a provenance study of pottery found at Kuntillet 'Ajrud, a site south of Qadesh Barnea (Gunneweg et al. 1985). The Edom district, with its strategically situated sites on the ... S., 1986. On the origin of pottery from Tel Micine-Ekron, Bull. Am. Schools Oriental Research. 264, 3--16. Gunneweg, J.. Perlman. I. and Meshel. Z.. 1985. The origin of the pottery of Kuntillet 'Ajrud, Israel Exploration J., 35. 270, 83. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm
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24: The Civilization of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck
Note: Glueck is a Bible trasher who takes the view that the Exodus happened after 1200 BC, when the Bible says it happened in 1450 BC: ... such as the Edomites must have found and conquered when they entered southern Transjordan ( Genesis 14:6; 36:21, 22; Deuteronomy 2:12). ... The borders of these kingdoms, which can now be accurately fixed, were fortified by strong fortresses ( Fig. 5 ), built usually on eminences ... literature in all probability of no mean order, if one may draw inferences from the inscription of Mesha or the background of the Book of Job. ... The main line of defense, and for all practical purposes the southern border of the Iron Age kingdom of Edom, was marked by a line of ... of the community] an Edomite, because he is your brother," meaning those ldumaeans who had been Judaized and had become Yahweh worshippers. ... to Ezion-geber:Elath ( or Aila as the Naba-taean-Roman-Byzantine site which took its place farther to the east, nearer modern Aqabah, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-civilization-of-the-edomites-nelson-glueck-1947ad.htm
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25: The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ...
... the Bible except by its relation to Kadesh-barnea, that limit now passes from an unknown to a known quantity, by the fixing of a site which is described as just beyond it. ... Section I: Edom's territory and locating Kadesh Barnea during the Exodus: 1446 BC Section III: Historicity of Edom as a real nation just as the Bible says Section IV: ... Arad ostraca #40 was written first and #24 is the reply. The two ostraca [Arad inscription 40 and inscription 24] illustrate the state of emer-gency in the Negeb of Judah in the last years of the kingdom of Judah, when the high command found it difficult to impose its authority on the local fort ... Kadesh Barnea is located ON THE BORDER with Edom and because Edom was never anywhere near Quderat (see map below) in 1406 BC this forces Kadesh into modern Jordan. Only ... Jerusalem in 605 BC. By 597 BC the Edomite Threat became very serious when one of the four Negev Judean fortresses, Ramah-Negev, was about to be captured by the Edomites. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm
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26: Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ...
Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the most historically accurate book of ... What an amazing confirmation that the Bible is true and what we read in the book we find in the ground! The tablet has this inscription on the baked clay cuneiform script in Akkadian language: Translation, Reverse lines 11'-18': "Witnesses: Tub-shalam son of ... Monday 31 July 593 5 Tammuz Ezek 1:1-3:15 Ezekiel's first vision of the "glory of Yahweh" 1:1 "In the 13th year in the fourth month on the fifth day" 1:2 "In the fifth ... the Euphrates: Rev 9:14, 17. The Euphrates is the historic norther border of Israel: Gen 15:18. 10. Both sections in Rev and Ezek contain messianic prophetic content: a. ... By 597 BC the Edomite Threat became very serious when one of the four Negev Judean fortresses, Ramah-Negev, was about to be captured by the Edomites. 1. Arad Ostracon #40 ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc
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27: Nimrod and the Archaeology of the Tower of Babel by Steven Rudd ...
... do not war according to the flesh, for the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh, but divinely powerful for the destruction of fortresses. ... Another inscription found in the ancient Egyptian mining town of Tura located 15 km south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile, indicate the ... 4. Archaeologically, the site of Tepe Gawra provides proof that Halaf and Ubaid happened at the same time. Halaf and Ubaid assemblages are both found together in strata 19-15 at Tepe Gawra, proving these two Archaeological ages are concurrent rather than consecutive. (see details below) C. Bible chronology of Archaeological ages and Bible events 1. The flood was in 3298 BC based upon the Septuagint (LXX). a. ... Ararat. c. "From the foot of the highlands, through the mountain ranges, to the plains, From the far border of Anšan to the upland of Anšan He ... translation: "That one acted irreverently, in order to become powerful on the earth; he became a powerful slaughterer in the sight of Yahweh." b. ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/nimrod/welcome.htm
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28: Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible
Discovered in 2013 AD at Tel Rehov (Biblical Abel-meholah), the ostraca with the name of Elisha written in ancient Paleo-Hebrew is a stunning confirmation of the Bible. A honey bee factory (apiary) was also discovered with man-made ceramic cylinder bee hives. Excavations at Tel Rehov: Elisha ostraca was found in 2013 AD See also: Chronology of Elisha and Elijah Lachish Letters Ostraca collection King Josiah Letters Ostraca collection DETAILED OUTLINE DETAILED OUTLINE Arad Ostraca collection Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira) Ostraca collection DETAILED OUTLINE DETAILED OUTLINE Ostraca from Kuntillet Ajrud Founded as a Negev border fortress by Solomon, it was occupied by the pagan Jews from the corrupt northern tribes whose capital was Samaria. Notice that they are Jews worshipping YHWH, but then say that YHWH has a wife! (Consort or Asherah). OLDEST BIBLE TEXT ON EARTH: Most striking is that this pagan inscription contains the oldest quotation of the Bible on earth from Numbers 6:24-26 "may the ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/welcome.htm
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29: Khirbat en-Nahas Fortress: Part of Solomon's network of military ...
This is the largest copper mine in the entire Arabah valley. The true to colour image above shows the piles of black copper slag stacked all around the site. Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View Introduction: Khirbat en-Nahas ... Here was proof that Edom functioned as a nation 300-400 years before conventional accepted date of about 700 BC. Levy says: "The new dates and the range of artefacts recently found at the site, such as architecture, ceramics, scarabs, and arrowheads indicate that Iron ... Problem with all this is that the Bible says Edom was a functioning kingdom at the time of the Exodus in 1446 BC and the Conquest in 1406 BC. Joshua asked both the king of Moab and the king of Edom for passage through their lands from Kadesh (at Petra) and were refused. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-khirbat-en-nahas.htm
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30: Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ...
Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Click to View ... Although it is a possible location for the Ascent of Akrabbim, there is a better transjordan choice, on the east side of the Arabah valley. The same kind of Negevite war pottery is found most of the border fortresses. The ambivalence of archeologists to use this crude ancient hand made pottery in establishing a specific date, like wheel made pottery, does not change the fact that if the site was built by Solomon, we would expect to find Negevite war. The ... (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) Here are two drawings of the middle fortress, Stratum 5: Click to View Click to View By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm
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31: Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times and Lands
Master Index of Bible Study Maps: (600+ Bible places) Press [Control + F] on keyboard to search for your place click to view click to view Panorama photo gallery of Israel Alphabetic list of all panorama photographs List of places in Israel ... Qila) Kir-Hareseth, Ar, Kir, Kir-Kirese, Kirak: 2 Ki 3:25; Jer 48:31) (capital of Moab) Kiriath-jearim (Tell el-Azhar) Kuntillet Ajrud (Solomon's border fortress) Lachish Libnah (Tell Bornat) Lydda, Lod Machaerus Madaba Madon, Maron? Magdala-Taricheae Mahanaim (Tell ... Fasayil) Pirathon (Farata) Ptolemais (Acco) Qum'ran Qurayyah: Midianite Pottery kiln 1400-1200 BC. Midianite pottery has been found at Al Bad, Timna, Elat and Jezirat Faraun. Raamses (Tanis) Rabbah: Captial of Ammon (Philadelphia) Ramah, ... Shittim, Abel- (Tell el-Hamman) Book of Numbers spoken Shunem Sidon Socoh (Shuweikeh) Sodom (Bab edh-Dhra) Succoth (Tell Deir Alla: Balaam inscription) Sussita (Hippos) Tabghat ez-Zafra Tafila (modern) Tamar: Solomon fortress (1000 BC: 1 Ki ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index.htm
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32: (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ...
... During the Monarchy it was guarded by the fortresses of Ruheibeh and Be'erotayim. The Bible mentions additional roads belonging to the same complex: the "Way of Mount Seir (Deut 1:1-2); the ... In 1975, a fortress was found near Nahal Sarpad during Z. Meshel's survey of this area (1975: 30). Excavations Knowledge about the fortresses of the Central Negev, limited formerly to the ... Between 1969-72, excavations were conducted at four fortresses, under the joint direction of Z. Meshel and the author: Mesad Refed, 1970; Mesad Hatira, 1970 (Cohen and Meshel 1970: 27-28); H. Ritma, 1971 (Cohen and Meshel 1971: ... The author also conducted four seasons of excavations between 1976-78 at the important fortress site of Tel Kadesh-barnea (Tell 'Ain el-Qudeirat; Cohen 1976a: 201-2). Implications of the New ... and royal planning, and the establishment of a fortress and settlement network in the Negev would have been of vital importance for the strengthening of his kingdom's southern border region. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm
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33: enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ...
... of each size according to whether they were adapted to the contours of the site or whether they gave the appearance of having been preplanned according to a standard model (Meshel 1979: 17). ... Cohen's suggestion to relate this ware to the Kenites (1980: 77) is apparently contradicted by the evidence from the only site so far attributed to this tribe, namely Stratum XII at Arad (Mazar 1965: 303), since no Negebite ware was uncovered in this stratum (M. Aharoni 1981). The wheel-turned vessels found in the Negev fortresses are dated by Cohen exclusively to the 10th century B.C., and ... denies their attribution to Saul on the grounds that it is difficult to imagine that this king built defensive systems to fortify the southern border of the kingdom while it was still in its infancy. ... Yadin, Y. 1970 Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. The Biblical Archaeologist 33: 66-96. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm
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34: Mt. Karkom, Israel
For this reason alone we must reject Har Karkom as the location of Mt. Sinai. Emmanuel Anati's proposals must be rejected because it contradicts the Bible. Israel's "40 years in the ... Karkom], Professor Emmanuel Anati, believes it to have been the mountain of the Ten Commandments (i.e. Mount Horeb). He is wrong in this assumption, but he has indeed found one of the most important places in the Exodus story. for this [Mt. Karkom] is the true site of Kadesh Barnea the holy gathering place where the multitude of Israel prepared to enter the Promised I and where they commemorated their covenant with Yahweh for the first time ... Ein el Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea, since it is located 27 km east of Wadi el-Arish, (the border between Israel & Egypt: Gen 15:18; Josh 15:3) No archeological remains have been found at Qudeirat before 1000 BC, yet the Exodus was in 1446 BC. It is clearly one of a series of fortresses built by Solomon to protect the border with Egypt. Here is a detailed ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-mt-sinai-mt-har-karkom.htm
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35: 495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ...
Archaeology is an important science that confirms the historical accuracy of the Bible. Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the most historically accurate ... Conclusion (Importance of Elephantine papyrus to the Bible) 2. The island of Elephantine may have got its name from the presence of large rocks that have the appearance of elephants and/or because the border town was the gateway to ... in its traditional form." (ISBE, Elephantine Papyri, 1988 AD) b. "In Elephantine, the temple to the Jewish deity Yahu (a variant form of the biblical names for the God of Israel, Yah and Yahweh) was destroyed in the fifth century bc. ... This authorization was a clear echo of the claim of Darius I in his Bisitun inscription that he reestablished his dynasty in its place as formerly (TAD C2.1III.3-4 = Akk. line 25) - "I made it just as (it was) before me" (Akk. line ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm
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36: They're Digging up Bible Stories!
Archaeology is an important science that confirms the historical accuracy of the Bible. Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the most historically accurate book of history on earth. Read the Bible daily! Photo Gallery of the 100 most ... Abraham's purchase of Ephron's field records the following: "So Ephron's field, which was in Machpelah, which faced Mamre, the field and cave which was in it, and all the trees which were in the field, that were within all the confines of its border, were deeded over to Abraham for a possession in the presence ... Egyptian Conquest maps Topographical name lists from 4 different Egyptian Pharaohs confirms the route of the exodus in Numbers 33 and Joshua 15. 1406 BC Balaam An inscription found at Deir Alla, "Balaam Son of Beor, seer of the gods" proves Balaam of Numbers 22-24. 1404-1340 BC Conquest of Joshua in Egyptian ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology.htm
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37: Ein El Qedeis: "Piltdown Kadesh" Kadesh Barnea: 1881 - 1916 AD
... for a similar sounding name is strange and ill-advised, given the fact that Kadesh was changed to "Sela" by the Edomites when Israel vacated in 1406 BC. Sela is even found in the Bible. ... as we call it, drew attention away from the Arabah Valley in the search for Kadesh Barnea. 100 years later, we are using the Bible to again look for Kadesh at or near the Petra area. ... Based on the reference in Numbers 20:16 to Kadesh as being on the border of Edom and the fact that the Aravah was thought to be the western border of Edom, various oases in the Aravah were proposed as the site of Kadesh-Barnea. In the 1880s, Henry ... Click to View Qedeis C. The Fortress at Ein Qedeis: (One of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Click to View Date of the fortress at Ein Qedeis: The fortress Solomon built ... Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz D. The ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-qedeis.htm
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38: The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ...
... There are two such minor anchors on which all the sides in this debate agree. The first is represented by the site of Jezreel excavated by Ussishkin and John Woodhead ... All agree that at Arad, either Stratum XII or Stratum XI must be identified as the 10th-century settlement mentioned in Shishak's inscription (Aharoni 1981: 182-91). ... of both the 10th and 9th centuries BCE) as suggested by me since 1997. 20 THE BIBLE AND RADIOCARBON DATING Herzog and Singer-Avitz 2004; Mazar 1990: 373; ... Yet this agreement works against Finkelstein's LC, since the pottery assemblage from Arad XII is identical to that found at other sites that have been dated to the ... He also accepts the view, long ago suggested by Cohen, Meshel, and others, that these sites should be identified with the dozens of Negev sites mentioned by Shishak. ... similarities of the gate at KEN with those from other Iron Age south Levantine fortresses, it seems safe at this point to date the KEN example to the Iron IIA period. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm
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39: 597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ...
... Click to View Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in 609 BC. 2. Edomites move into the Judean Negev and ... Under these circumstances, the high command found it necessary to impose its authority and enforce the local officers to obey its orders." (Ostracon 40 from Arad reconsidered, Nadav na'aman, ... It appears that Gemaryahu is the commander of one of the fortresses to the south of Arad, perhaps Ramah-Negeb mentioned in Inscription 24 as the first station on the border with Edom." (Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, 1981 AD) I. Mapping the surrounding cities: Arad, Kinah, Moladah and Ramah-Negev The story on the two Arad ostraca (40, 24) involved 4 city fortresses in 597 BC: Arad: ... However, no eighth century letter written on a potsherd has been discovered in any site in Palestine, including Arad, after more than a century of archaeo-logical excavations. It seems that ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm
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40: Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ...
... It was assumed that the Arabah had formed the western limits of Edom; and Moses, after all, had described Kadesh-barnea (Num 20:16) as a city on Edom's uttermost border. ... J. Rowlands was the first Westernexplorer to visit 'Ain Qedeis and identify it with Kadesh-barnea of the Bible (1845: 463-68). E. H. Palmer, in the course of his extensive ... Left: Pottery of the 7th-6th centuries B.C.E. found in Locus 186 of the fortress. Right: Casemate rooms in eastern part of the fortress. In the debris they found fragments of both wheel-made and handmade pottery. The wheel-made sherds were "Syrian" in type, thus associating the site with the ... These recent excavations have revealed that the tell comprises not just one fortress, as was believed formerly, but three fortresses, each successive one built over its ... and many have been excavated over the past 12 years—mainly by the author sometimes in conjunction with Z. Meshel (Cohen 1970: 6-24; 1976: 3450; Meshel 1977: 110-35). ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm
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41: "Israel" Berlin Statue Pedestal Relief (1350 BC) "Israel" Merneptah ...
Since the Bible refers to hundreds of cities, kings, and places, we would expect to find evidence from on-site excavations. And this is exactly what we have found. The Bible is the ... The Merneptah stele is a record of the Pharaoh who was the son of Ramses II, who ruled at the end of the 13th century BC. On this stela, found in his mortuary tomb in the 1890s, there ... This is strong evidence in support of the Biblical model." (Reexamining The Late Bronze Era, Bryant Wood, Bible and Spade, 8:2, p48, 1995 AD) 4. "'Israel' as described in this inscription is an entity at least on a par with the city-states Ashkelon, Gezer ... Who will combat, knowing how he strides? A witless fool is he who takes him on, He knows no tomorrow who attacks his border! As for Egypt, "Since the gods," they say, "She is the only ... O how sweet it is to sit and babble!" One walks free-striding on the road, For there's no fear in people's hearts; Fortresses are left to themselves, Wells are open for the messengers' ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-victory-stele-of-merneptah-israel-1205bc-israel-berlin-statue-pedestal-relief-1350bc.htm
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42: Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ...
Land of Israel Studies Department University of Haifa Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel Website note: Raz Kletter is a modernist, Bible trashing archeologist who makes these statements in this ... fig. 1).5 If we draw site lists on logarithmic graphs, systems obeying the rank-size rule appear as straight lines. "Deviations" can be seen and connected to differences in the social order. ... Indeed, the terms polity, border, and boundaries are not even found in a recent im-portant glossary (Hodder et al. 1995: 232-48). One exception is a discussion by Rowlett (1989) of the prehistoric Marnian culture in the area of ... 2 Kgs 23:11 (May 1935: 28; MacKay 1973; Dever 1990: 156-57; Taylor 1993: 24-37; 1994: 55-59; for standing riders, Wenning 1991), or even Yahweh himself (Ahlstrom 1982: 82-83; 1984: 22-23). ... the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. Archaeologically, both sites can be defined as fortresses related to public administra-tion; but Qadesh Barnea is similar to other Judaean ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm
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43: The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ...
... Click to View Antitypes of when Moses struck the rock. Click to View Thirty-eight continuous years at Kadesh Click to View Judah's southern border and the location of Kadesh. Click to View Travel ... This led to speculation that this was a portrayal of Joseph, since all these facts would fit what we know about Joseph from the Bible. It has therefore been called by some "the Joseph statue." ... Another inscription found in the ancient Egyptian mining town of Tura located 15 km south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile, indicate the latest possible date for the defeat of the Hyksos was in the ... NO CHARIOT WHEELS!!! Chariots were built 100% of wood and floated hundreds of kilometers from the Red Sea crossing site. KEY#4 The Ignored second Red Sea camp The body of water that is the RED SEA, ... Solomon built a series of fortresses near the Egyptian border just east of the Wadi el-Arish in the Negev to protect his Kingdom. B. ANCIENT SOURCES set the border of Egypt at Wadi El-Arish and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm
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44: Archeology of the Oppression, Exodus and Conquest of Israel: ...
... Her garden house, common in antiquity, was renovated and as "it came to life" so did Asenath. d. SUPPORTING BIBLE VERSES FOR SINAI 376: "Then Pharaoh named Joseph Zaphenath-paneah; and he gave him ... after they moved to Avaris also known as the archeological site named Tel el Dab'a. 10. In 1806 BC Joseph dies. 11. Joseph is buried in the great tomb structure at Avaris excavated at Tel el Dab'a. ... Another inscription found in the ancient Egyptian mining town of Tura located 15 km south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile, indicate the latest possible date for the defeat of the Hyksos was in the ... of Shosu Bedouins from Edom is granted permission by the Egyptian authorities to pass the border stronghold in the region of Tjeku in what is today the Wadi Tumilat and to proceed with their ... These people should not be taken as Edomites, but as Shosu from Edom. As Yahweh is said to have risen in Seı¨r in Edom (Deut. 33:2; Ju. 5:4; see also Habakuk 3:3) these pastoralists appear at the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeological-evidence-of-the-Exodus-Egyptian-Oppression-Hebrew-Conquest-Israel-Sinai-inscriptions-Jacob-in-Egypt-Joseph-Moses-inscription.htm
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45: Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ...
... It is surely attested throughout the Iron Age and perhaps even earlier and later (Rothenberg 1972: 153-54; Cohen 1981: 102). These wares have been found at numerous Iron Age sites, especially the fortresses and fortified settlements of the Negev. They include Horvat Haluqim (Cohen 1976: 34-50), 'Atar Haroca (Cohen 1970: 6-24), Horvat Ritma (Meshel 1977: 110-35), Tell el-Qudeirat (Cohen 1981: 98-103) and numerous lesser known sites (most accessible in Cohen 1979: 75-77). A few "Negevite" vessels have been excavated at the Jordanian site of Buseirah (Bennett 1975: fig. ... The most frequent type of stamp (fig. 17), consistently located on the upper portion of the handle, has an inscription like that of fig. 17. It reads, lawscril cbd hmlk, "belonging to Qaws'anal, servant of the ... Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 3. London: Palestine Explora-tion Fund. Wright, G. E. 1961 The Archaeology of Palestine. Pp. 85-139 in The Bible and the Ancient Near East, ed. G. E. Wright. Garden City, N.Y.: ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm
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46: Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25
... The Chronicle of Theophanes confirms the Bible in that Saudi Arabia was the homeland of Ishmael. The Chronicle of Theophanes confirms the Bible that the "Wilderness of Shur" and the land of "Shur" ... Nessana 6th century AD papyri found on site "The site [Nessana] is on one of the major ancient caravan routes, leading from Aila on the Red Sea through the western fringes of the Negev to ... The earliest find on the site is an inscription mentioning Aretas IV (9 BC - AD 40) and pottery of the Middle Nabatean Period. It was probably founded as a road station on the secondary caravan route connecting ... The main Nabatean seaport city at the end of the Indian/Arabian trade route and under Nabatean/Arab control in the first century. Historically, Arish was the border between Egypt and Israel where ... The Madaba map dates to 542 AD and is based upon Eusebius' Onomasticon. The sequence of cities where Byzantine fortresses had been built is Pelusium, Aphnaeum, Pentaschoinon, Casium, Osctracine, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm
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47: The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ...
... and therefore impossible to establish its exact original capacity); and the inscription indicated that it held only five hin, and was not filled to capacity. 20 ... Fortresses with casemate walls were built in Palestine from the 11th century to the 7th century B.C.E. From the ceramic finds, it is clear that this fortress was ... at Kadesh-barnea would have served as a stronghold protecting the southern border of Judah, and may have been the administrative headquarters for the entire area. ... The fortress was finally destroyed, apparently by the Edomites, during or at the time of the conquest of Palestine by the Babylonians. The vessels found in situ ... After the destruction of the fortress, the site was resettled, in the Persian period, towards the end of the 6th century or at the start of the 5th century B.C.E. We ... surrounding inhabitants for hundreds of years to come. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm
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48: The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1940 AD ...
of the smelter in places, and repairs and reenforcements were necessary, a means of strengthening them was employed, which had hitherto been applied only to fortresses. ... A considerable portion of the rooms on the north side of the mound, which had been excavated during the first two campaigns, was found to have been filled with sand at the ... The Egyptian king Shoshenk, or Shishak, as he is known in the Bible, was in all probability the one who destroyed the Ezion-geber of Solomon? He seems to have been content to gain control of the site, perhaps after breaking down its outer defences. The smelter-refinery and the industrial square of rooms ... The seal itself, enclosed in a copper casing, had incised on it in retrograde, in the clearest possible ancient Hebrew characters, the follow-ing inscription : LYTM, " ... Lit., 1932, pp. 80. ff.). - I am inclined to think that the biblical spelling YWT11 reflects an' original *Yahn-yatom or *Yalta-yittom (lit., "May Yahweh Finish"), .which ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1940-third-season-of-excavation-at-tell-el-kheleifeh.htm
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49: Exodus route and Conquest: Hormah, Tamar, Way of the Spies
The location of Hormah: Zepeta: "After a further journey of two hours and a half in a south-westerly direction, he found some ruins, which the Arabs called Zepâta. (Robinson also visited this spot, ... Iron Ages about eight miles southwest of Tel Arad.5 Others simply place the city of Arad at the site of Tel Malhata at this point in history, in keeping with the occasional transference of a city ... was described by Y. Aharoni as "leading from Kadesh-barnea to Arad," along which the fortresses of Bir Hafir, Oboda, and Aroer were built during the Israelite monarchy.9 The meaning and ... What the Bible says about Hormah: 1. "Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites live in the valleys; turn tomorrow and set out to the wilderness by the way of the Red Sea. ... For the Amalekites and the ... Deuteronomy 1:44 4. "the king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;" Joshua 12:14 5. "Now the cities at the extremity of the tribe of the sons of Judah toward the border of Edom in the south were ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-way-of-spies-hormah.htm
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50: Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted
... The juxtaposition of the two names indicates that his path did not lie with this newly forming people of Yahweh. He did not follow the presence of the Lord to Sinai, or ... by the Edomites at the crossroads near the Arad, Kinah, Ramah Negev and Moladah fortresses. "To Edom: Do not stand at the fork of the road to cut down their fugitives; and ... The archaeological record refutes the fiction that the border of Edom was in the Negev near Ain el-Qudeirat at the time of the Exodus. This means that the location of Kadesh Barnea on most Bible maps is wrong. 39. The Negev of Judah was bounded by the Salt Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Wadi El-Arish. Advocates of Kadesh Barnea at Qudeirat and others like Glen Fritz whose site for Kadesh is 35 km east of Ein Hatseva (Hormah) are forced to create the fiction that the ... Fritz correctly admits no archaeological evidence dating to the time of Moses has been found in Saudi Arabia or anywhere near Mt. Lawz or Mt. Maqla. "Lacking datable Bronze ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm
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