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The Exodus Route: Goshen and Ramses ... eastern part of the Nile River Delta with Lake Timsah. It provides one of only two passages for traffic between Egypt and Sinai or Palestine to the east." (Eeardman's Bible dictionary, Goshen, Daniel Browning, p521, 2000 AD) c. In 500 BC, Darius I completed the Suez Canal that ran from the Nile through the Wadi Tumilat to the Gulf of Suez: C. Four anachronistic updates in the Septuagint: In 282 BC 70 top Hebrew scholars were sent from Jerusalem to Alexandria to translate the Torah from Hebrew into Greek at the request of Ptolemy II for his father's Library of Alexandria and the result is the ... This became a major trade route which the Arabians came to dominate. Herodotus in 484 BC records how Pithom was populated by Arabians. "Arabian town of Patumus [Pithom, Tell el-Retaba]" (Herodotus, ... Some scholars have identified Goshen more specifically with the Wadi Tumilat, a fertile finger of the Delta jutting out into the Sinai Desert." (Holman Bible Atlas, p50, 1998 AD) c. "The Septuagint ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-goshen.htm

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The Exodus Route: Red Sea Camp at the Straits of Tiran Sinai was in Saudi Arabia and Kadesh Barnea was at modern Petra. Buy: Exodus Route Restored ISBN: 9798619062717 As featured in Tim Mahoney's Patterns of Evidence "The Red Sea Miracle" and "Journey to ... Click to View Travel times, distances, days of the week Click to View Excluding various exodus routes: Bitter lakes, Gulf of Suez, Mt. Musa, Ein el-Qudeirat. Click to View Overview map (Click on photo ... The Hebrews came down the 18 km wide coastal flatlands ("The Exodus Highway) and passed the Egyptian military "Migdol" tower that served as a three-way lookout point for the Gulfs of Aqaba, Suez and ... It is impossible for hurricane force winds, energized by God, to part the sea without a secondary supernatural force to prevent human bodies from being blown away. Everyone therefore must agree at ... Geologists, geographers, and oceanographers all know that shorelines can look very different 3400 years ago. If we remove the coral reef and connect Tiran Island to the Saudi Arabian shore it creates ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-straits-of-tiran.htm

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Ein El Qedeis: "Piltdown Kadesh" Kadesh Barnea: 1881 - 1916 AD John Rowlands goes down in history as the man who plunged the search for Kadesh Barnea in to the "Dark Ages" (1881 AD - present). But Ein Qedeis would be just another desert spring without Henry Clay ... This has nothing to do with any connection with God bringing water from the rock with Moses, but the fact that Qudeirat is the largest spring in the entire Sinai Peninsula for a 100 km radius! Not ... It underwent several name changes until the Nabataeans started calling it Petra. Both Sela and Petra mean: "rock". So the name Kadesh hasn't been used since 1406 BC and the name "rock" (Sela/Petra) ... His learned and valuable treatise on Kadesh Barnea in part makes amends for a manifest want of sobriety in the description of what is supposed to be its modern site. (Kadesh Barnea, Journal of ... Hor. In earlier times the gulf of 'Akabah reached farther north than it does to-day, and a passage from the eastern side over to El Tih may not have been as easy as it is at present. Nomadic tribes ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-qedeis.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... ... After the wall had been founded on bedrock, a fill of earth and small stones, about 0.20 m thick, was deposited along it, thus leveling the area. The eastern wall was built on this layer, abutting the outer wall but not bonded with it. Its width is ca. 0.50 m, ... represent an independent effort on the part of the desert nomads themselves, whether for reasons of security or as part of the transition from nomadism to sedentarization?10 There are two conflicting theories, which may be summarized as follows: Theory of Self-initiated Sedentarization Initiative: The nomads themselves, by virtue of a socio-economic process. Causes: Climatic change, economic boom because of control of Arabian trade and mining at Timna, or eco-nomic ... The strongest evidence for the economic prosperity of southern Israel in this period is to be found at Tel Masos, Stratum II. . . . [The finds there] point to copper trade and close ties between the head of the Gulf of Eilat, the southern Arabah, Transjordan, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: Debunked: Split Rock of Rephidim (Meribah) ... These altars were simple, small and easily constructed by an 80-year-old man like Moses or 83-year-old Aaron. d. Jethro arrives from Midian (Al Bad) and enters Moses' tent. Jethro offers sacrifices and the heads of Israel eat a meal likely in part to celebrate the defeat of the ... these to the Lord with the silver and the gold which he had carried away from all the nations: from Edom, Moab, the sons of Ammon, the Philistines, and from Amalek." (1 Chronicles 18:11) c. Their traditional territory is transjordan between Babylon and the Arabian Gulf, which explains why they attacked Israel at Rephidim. d. At the time of the exodus, the Amalekites also lived in the Negev just west of Petra: Numbers 13:29 e. ... With the assistance of Hur and Aaron, Moses held up his hands for the duration of the day, and the Israelites prevailed over the Amalekites (vv 8-16). This place was perhaps also the desert setting where Moses was visited by Jethro his father-in-law." (Baker Encyclopedia of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-rephidim-meribah.htm

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Miracles of the Exodus and the Red Sea crossing ... That is 3 hours of walking in the morning and a 2-hour rest then 3 hours of walking in the afternoon. This fact alone voids all the standard daily travel rates used by those who oppose a Red Sea crossing on the Gulf of Aqaba. 3. God provided supernatural ... Archaeologists have not found any pottery or objects directly connected with the Hebrews during the Late Bronze Age of the Exodus at either Kadesh Barnea at Petra or Mt. Sinai at Mt. Lawz, or any other proposed site. The obvious explanation is ... become unclean, and any liquid which may be drunk in every vessel shall become unclean. 'Everything, moreover, on which part of their carcass may fall becomes unclean; an oven or a stove (tabun) shall be smashed; they are unclean and shall ... Many killed by snakes at the Zered River in 1407 BC: Numbers 21:4-9 e. 23-24,000 killed because of the immorality at Peor in 1406 BC: Num 25:9; 1 Cor 10:8 A. It was entirely by God's power that a city of 2-3 million survived in the desert for 40 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-red-sea-miracles.htm

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Archeology of the Oppression, Exodus and Conquest of Israel: ... ... You have been pruned off, in a year to forget." (Translation by Douglas Petrovich from "The world's Oldest Alphabet", 2016 AD) c. EXPLANATION OF SINAI 360: This inscription is part of a collection of pessimistic and negative texts. See also Sinai ... Moses would have sent a message of freedom to the miners much like Noah and Jesus Christ! They crossed the Red Sea at the Straits of Tiran on the gulf of Aqaba on day 25 after leaving Egypt. Remember the Israelites travelled day and night, so the Succoth ... Some scholars have identified Goshen more specifically with the Wadi Tumilat, a fertile finger of the Delta jutting out into the Sinai Desert." (Holman Bible Atlas, p50, 1998 AD) c. "The Septuagint clearly identified the land of Goshen and the ... I. Shirun- Grumach, 173-192. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. VIII. Conquest of Joshua: 1406-1399 BC After Sinai, Israel went to Kadesh Barnea at El Beidha beside modern Petra and spent 38 years. 1. BALAAM INSCRIPTION: An inscription found at Deir ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeological-evidence-of-the-Exodus-Egyptian-Oppression-Hebrew-Conquest-Israel-Sinai-inscriptions-Jacob-in-Egypt-Joseph-Moses-inscription.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Herodium 66 AD ... him, and being so many in number, were too hard for him; and told him that he ought not to desert them, and leave them a prey to their enemies, for that it was not the part of a brave man to ... proposed to fly, was too small to contain so great a multitude; (362) so he sent away the greater part of his company, being above nine thousand, and bade them go, some one way and some another and so ... the place a sufficient quantity of corn and water, and other necessaries, and went directly for Petra, in Arabia. (363) But when it was day, the Parthians plundered all Jerusalem, and the palace, and ... temper of the barbarians, to spare Phasaelus; for he reasoned thus with himself:-That if the Arabian king was too forgetful of his father's friendship with him, and was too covetous to make him a ... He was there received by his friends, Ptolemy and Sappinius; and, although he was then in want of money, he fitted up a three-decked ship of very great magnitude, (281) wherein he and his friends ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Herodium-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-bema-mikveh-mikvaot-free-standing-columns-open-air-first-jewish-revolt-66ad.htm

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Coins of the Maccabean Hasmonean Era 166-37 BC. Messianic Star ... ... heard this, they took all the forces they then had in the citadel at Jerusalem, and pursued the Jews into the desert; (273) and when they had overtaken them, they in the first place endeavored to persuade them to repent, and to ... John Hyrcanus I: 135-104 BC 110 BC Full Judean independence finally achieved! 125 BC Tyre liberated from Seleucids. Tyrian Shekel Year 1 Josephus Antiquities 13:229-299: (part quote) Hyrcanus Receives the High Priesthood, and Ejects Ptolemy Out of the Country. Antiochus Makes War Against Hyrcanus, ... when they were neglected by her, they should come under the lash of her husband's enemies; for that Aretas, the Arabian king, and the monarchs, would give any reward if they could get such men as foreign auxiliaries, to whom their ... A while afterward he took Hyrcanus, and stole out of the city by night, and went a great journey, and came and brought him to the city called Petra, where the palace of Aretas was; (17) and as he was a very familiar friend of that ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Maccabean-Hasmonean-166-37BC.htm

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD ... 'En Haseva sits at a strategically crucial commercial crossroads, especially vital for the Arabian spice trade. Another possibility is that the fortress was built by Amaziah (798-769 BCE), the son of ... Accepting the identification of En Haseva with Tamar (Aharoni 1963) joins it to the list of sites mentioned in 1 Kgs 9:17-18 as built by the king.9 The Stratum 6 fortress would have been part of the ... more than 6,500 km from Turkey in the north to the African peninsula in the south, is most certainly respon-sible for the earthquake activity documented there throughout ancient and modern history. ... Today, how-ever, he supports the idea that the Negev dwellers were involved in the establishment of these forts (Meshe11994:54). That it was desert nomads who built the sites/forts/settlements in the ... Cohen has also directed excavations at Kadesh Barnea (see BA 44 [19811:93-107) and at several sites along the Nabataean-Roman Petra-Gaza Road (see BA 45 [19821:240-247). Dr. Cohen has excavated dozens ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: Pi-Hahiroth Ex 14:2 Num 33:7: The "mouth of water" or "entrance to the canal" refers to the tri-intersection of the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Arabia. The geographic reference "entrance to the canal FACING Baal-Zephon" identifies the shoreline from the southern tip of the modern Sinai Peninsula north towards the Gulf of Aqaba. The Israel Red Sea camp was below the Egyptian military Migdol's watchful eye, at the tri-intersection of the three Gulfs directly opposite Baal-Zephon. Click to View Exodus Route ... Tiran is located on Tiran Island, Saudi Arabia. The language of the Bible makes it clear that it was on the opposite shore of the Red Sea: "camp in front of Baal-zephon, opposite it". (Ex 14:2) c. The Israel Red Sea camp was below the Egyptian military Migdol's watchful eye, at the part of the tri-intersection of the three Gulfs which were directly opposite Baal-Zephon. 5. The "mouth-like" isthmus at the southern tip of the modern Sinai Peninsula is an interesting double ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-pi-hahiroth.htm

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The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, Moshe Dothan, Ein el-Qudeirat ... The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea Moshe Dothan Ein el-Qudeirat 1965 AD (The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea, M Dothan, Israel Exploration Journal, 1965, p134-51) The Fortress at Kadesh-Barnea M. DOTHAN Department of Antiquities In the later parts of 1956, an archaeological survey was carried out in the northern Sinai Peninsula, including a ... Nearby, there is an ancient crossroad: one road runs from Suez to Beersheba and Hebron, via Bir Hasana, Quseima and Nisanah (evidently Derekh Shur -or, ii-r); the other is a branch of the via maris originating from el-`Arish or Rafiah and continuing through Quseima and Kuntilla down to the Gulf of 'Aqaba. At the oasis and in the ... To this end the outline of the upper faces of the walls was excavated; near the northeastern tower, excavations were carried down to virgin soil; the interior of the central tower on the western side was examined; several walls and floors were dis-covered within the casemate wall and the fortress; and a part of the glacis on the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-fortress-at-kadesh-barnea-dothan-1965ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... This middle fortress with its solid walls and projecting towers, was probably built by Uzziah of Judah (784-733), the king who regained control of Edom, campaigned against the North Arabian tribes, and rebuilt the port of Ezion-Geber on the Gulf of Aqaba. This second fortress at Kadesh-Barnea was also destroyed, only to be followed in the seventh-sixth centuries B.C. by the third and final fortress. Josiah, King of Judah (c. 640-609 B.C.), who vigorously reasserted his nation's independence and power, was probably responsible for building the third fortress. This fortress existed until the end of the Iron Age and was evidently destroyed, along with the Kingdom of Judah, in the onslaught by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. It is significant that, of all the Iron Age fortresses in the Central Negev and Sinai, only Kadesh-Barnea was twice rebuilt. Perhaps this was so simply because of its strategic location at the juncture of two main desert routes. Or, perhaps, Kadesh-Barnea was twice ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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The Ascent of Akrabbim: (Ascent of Scorpions) There are two reasons for this choice. a. First, the Bible says that the Ascent of Akrabbim is north of, but not part of the wilderness of Zin. Joshua 15:3 (Kadesh Barnea was in the wilderness of Zin). b. Second, Judges 1:36 defines the territory of the Amorites during the period of the judges at about 1340-1096 BC to be upward from both the ascent of Akrabbim and Petra. ... This route starts immediately at the bottom of the Dead Sea and moves up the ravine to the modern town of "At Tafila". Today, this route is the only modern highway (Highway #60) for cars between the Arabah Valley and the plateau in modern Jordan between the Dead sea and the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Jordanian Highway #60 starts at the town of Fifa in the Arabah Valley and passes through At Tafila and continues east. Here at At Tafila, it intersects with Highway #35. Highway #35 travels north to Amman and south through Petra and all the way to the Gulf of Aqaba. (After connecting with Highway #15). Highway #35 is the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ascent-of-akrabbim.htm

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Amalek and the Amalekites The Amalekites had their origin within the Edomites, being descendants of Esau. They are often associated with Edom, living in the same area as Edom. Their traditional territory is transjordan between Babylon and the gulf of Aqaba. The Amalekites were enemies of Israel. The Amalekite territory very was similar to the Ishmaelites: "Ishmael settled from Havilah to Shur which is ... of David was the Wadi el-Arish. Egypt controlled the entire modern Sinai Peninsula. We know that 1 Sam 15:6-7 and 1 Sam 27:8 say that the Amalekites lived as far as Egypt and east of the Arabah Valley. This proves Egypt's border was the Wadi el-Arish. The Amalekites lived near Kadesh Barnea at the time of Abraham: Genesis 14:7 The Amalekites were living in Mt. Seir (Edom) at the time of the conquest: 1 Chronicles 4:42-43 One stop before they reached Sinai, Amalek came to fight Moses at Rephidim: Ex 17:8 At Kadesh Barnea (near or at Petra), when the spies brought back a bad report, Israel was warned not to enter ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-amalekites.htm

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Philo of Alexandria 50 AD (Jewish philosopher) ... Before now you have often had experience of it, defending you in an invisible manner. I see it now preparing to take part in the contest; casting halters round the necks of the enemy, who are now, as if violently dragged onward, going down into the depths of the sea like lead. You now see them while still alive; but I conceive the idea of them as dead. And this very day you yourselves shall also behold them dead."(253) He then now said these things to ... Gulf of Suez. d. Why would I Israel even cross through these small lakes, they would simply go around. 3. This in turn refutes the traditional location of Mt. Sinai chosen in a dream by Constantine's mother in the middle of the Sinai Peninsula. 4. Philo's use of the terms Arab and Arabia, were restricted to the land east of the Gulf of Aqaba where Jethro and the Ishmaelite lived, and he never says the Sinai Peninsula is Arabia. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-maps-sinai-egypt-midian-arabia-kadesh-barnea-shur-philo-of-alexandria-50ad.htm

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Exodus route and Conquest: Hormah, Tamar, Way of the Spies ... place the city of Arad at the site of Tel Malhata at this point in history, in keeping with the occasional transference of a city name to another location, and then locate Hormah at Tel Masos (Kh. el-Meshash), three miles to the west of Tel Malhata.6 The occupational history of Tel Masos is similar to that of Tel Malhata.7 One must note that Hormah, meaning "destruction," is a name given to the site after the defeat of the Canaanites in this part of the Negev. ... According to Num 21:4 the Israelites journeyed from Mount Hor, via the Way of the Red Sea (derek yam-sûp), which Aharoni ascertained was the trade route extending from Elath on the eastern finger of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Aqaba northward through the Arabah to the Dead Sea. Hence the desert route would have them approaching the northern end of the Arabah from the west southwest, and then crossing the Arabah between Tamar and Zalmonah. (The New American Commentary Num 21:1-3, 2000 AD) What the Bible says about Hormah: 1. "Now ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-way-of-spies-hormah.htm

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The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City ... ... The city experienced Roman control under Tiberias, Caligua, Claudius, Vespasian and Hadrian, with administrative consolidation and territorial status change characterizing Roman dominance. Allied to Rome, Nabataeans, under King Malichus, were ... It is clear that many exterior cultural, political and technological influences colour the history of Petra. Consequently, the water-supply system may be expected to reflect borrowings from the best civil engineering practices of neighbouring civilizations and innovations derived from demands of the complex topography and limited water resource base of the area. Innovations derived from direct experience of desert water-conservation measures are also to be expected given the nomadic background ... Egyptian copper and brass piping systems associated with 5th Dynasty Temples at Abusir form part of temple drainage systems to the Nile. Athens in the 6-7th century BC and Olynthos had systems of interlocking terracotta pipes sealed by mortar, while ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-water-supply-of-petra-charles-r-ortloff-2005.htm

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Apion (Josephus against Apion) 45 AD But then, how was it possible for them to tarry forty days in a desert place where there was no water, and at the same time to pass all over the country between that and Judea in the six days? (26) And as for this grammatical translation of the word Sabbath, it either contains an instance of his great impudence ... Josephus exposes Apion's fictitious version of the exodus. Apion, the satanic liar, is the only one in history we could find before 300 AD, who said that Mt. Sinai was located in the Sinai Peninsula. However Apion clearly considered this region to NOT be part of Arabia. Apion hated the Jewish people and all we know of his views are through the eyes of how Josephus refuted ... However this would not give any help to those who accept the choice of Constantines mother, Queen Helina at Mt. Musa, in 325 AD. Apion's location of Mt. Sinai would be somewhere north of a line due east of the northern tip of the Gulf of Suez. Apion rules out Mt. Sinai located at Mt. Musa. Apion says that his ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-maps-sinai-egypt-midian-arabia-kadesh-barnea-shur-apion-45ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: 15 Stops between Kadesh Barnea to Jordan ... Amos 1:11 I. Finally they left Kadesh Barnea (Petra area) and Moses went due south towards Ezion Geber and came to Mt. Hor where Aaron died. They could not go north or east because of Edom's army. God wanted them to enter the promised land via the Jordan River, so they could not go west. So the only direction they could go is ... Then they turned north and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab. They had traveled on the Arabah road and passed right by Elat and Ezion-Geber which were port cities of the Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba). They went due east from Ezion-Geber, crossing the wilderness of Paran, then turning north, they skirted around the east side of Edom ... Like Edom a few months earlier, they came by force with an army to prevent Israel from passing through their land. Israel attacked and defeated the Amorites and took possession of their land. It is important to note that this parcel of land was never originally part of the land promised to Abraham. "Then Israel sent messengers ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-kadesh-barnea-jordan.htm

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Reconstructing Petra Smithsonian: June 2007; Vol 38 Num 3 By ... Directly ahead is a sheer cliff lined with elegant carvings reminiscent of Greek and Roman temples, a surreal vision in this remote mountain valley surrounded by desert. This is the back door to Petra, whose very name means rock in Greek. In its ... When she began her work, Petra was little more than an exotic tourist destination in a country too poor to finance excavations. Archaeologists had largely ignored the site-on the fringe of the Roman Empire- and only 2 percent of the ancient city had ... NO ONE KNOWS where the Nabateans came from. Around 400 BC, the Arab tribe swept into the mountainous region nestled between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas and the Mediterranean Sea. At first, they lived simple nomadic lives, eking out a living with ... The Siq, a twisting 1000 yard long canyon that in places is just wide enough for two camels to pass, made the eastern part of the city impregnable. Today it serves as Petra's main entryway It may be the most dramatic entrance to an urban space ever ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-smithsonian-june-2007-vol38-num3.htm

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Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom, Thomas E. Levy, ... ... the Saharo -Arabian desert zone, at the eastern margin of the Araba/Arava valley that separates modern Jordan and Israel. The amount of slag left by the Iron Age metallurgists at the centre of Khirbat en-Nahas as evidence for a mass production of copper (c. 50 000 to 60 000 tons) should be considered in close context with Iron Age metallurgical activities at the nearby sites of Khirbat Faynan and Khirbet el-Jariyeh, where roughly another 40 000 tons of slags were produced (Hauptmann 2000). In comparison, contemporaneous copper production at Timna was much smaller (Rothenberg 1999), while New Kingdom activities at Bir Nasib, on the Sinai Peninsula, possibly ... Figure 1 Aerial view of Khirbat en-Nahas with the Iron Age fortress in the foreground, and numerous other buildings and smelting installations (slag mounds) visible on the site surface. Photo courtesy of ROHR Productions (Nicosia). studies. In addition, as part of the DBM archaeo-metallurgical investigations in Faynan (Hauptmann ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-reassessing-the-chronology-of%20biblical-edom-thomas-e-levy-2004ad.htm

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Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines, Beno Rothenberg, ... ... In the light of the finds of Midianite pottery with identical decorations on identical ware in north-western Arabia, it seems certain that the Midianite pottery was brought to the Timna temple all the way from there, perhaps from the large Midianite town at Qurayyah, about 160 km. south of Aqaba. The remaining 65% of the pottery ... Whatever theological implications one attaches to the Midianite shrine, the discoveries at Timna provide a factual, cultural and historico-geographical background to the early desert part of the Exodus narrative. Yet, the presence here of Egyptians and Midianites in the thirteenth century, generally accepted as the period of the ... Jezirat Fara'un - an Egyptian mining port? The Timna discoveries may also help to throw light on the highly Plate 63 interesting remains on the island and in the bay of Jezirat Fara'un, located in the Gulf of Elat, some 4 km. south of Taba. This island was called variously 'Ile de Graye', 'el Qureiye', 'el Deir', 'el Kasr hadid', ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna-valley-of-the-biblical-copper-mines-beno-rothenberg-1969ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: Dophkah Exodus 17:1 3. Early Christians created metaphoric messianic meanings for Dophkah: a. "And they set out from the desert of Sin and came to Raphaca [Dophkah]." Raphaca translates as "health." You see the order of the progressions, how when the soul is once made spiritual and begins to see heavenly visions, it arrives at health, ... Click to View Bible Click to View 100% Perfect fit Click to View 40% failure Click to View 40% failure 1: Rudd: Red sea crossing is at Tiran, Mt. Sinai is Lawz, Kadesh is at Petra. 2: Frantz: Red sea crossing is at Ballah, Mt. Sinai is Sin Bisher, Kadesh is at Qudeirat. 3: Fritz: Red sea crossing is at Nuweiba, Mt. Sinai is ... First, before the Red Sea crossing in the Wadi Watir (78 km). Second, after crossing the Red Sea at Nuweiba to the Al Bad (93 km). Third, the "backtrack" from Al Bad to the Gulf of Aqaba and back to Al Bad (64 km). Forth, the route through Dophkah and Alush (54 km). This contradicts scripture that says they only needed to journey in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-dophkah.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) "Eitam, for his part, suggests military pressure of some sort, "undoubtedly [by] King David, who instituted a new order in the Negev" (I Chron. ... He did build a fortress at Elat and Ezion-Geber (under shipping yards of modern Aqaba) but on the north side of the gulf of Aqaba, Solomon did not claim control. The ancient Egyptian mining port island of Jezirat Faraun remained in firm Egyptian control and Solomon dare not attempt to touch this. And "above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite ... I agree with the attribution of Negev ware to the southern desert nomads, and consider this quite adequate for our purpose." (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) Although "Negev" ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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Ezion-Geber, Nelson Glueck, Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh ... The first one to suggest the identification of Ezion-geber with Tell el-Kheleifeh was Fritz Frank.1. The small low mound is located approximately in the center of the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah, midway between Jordanian Aqabah at its east end ... 1942), 8-9; 159 (Oct., 1960), 11-14; 163 (Oct., 1961), 18-22; The Other Side of the Jordan, pp. 50-113; Rivers in the Desert, pp. 153-68; Smithsonian Report for 1941, pp. 453-78; BA, XXII (1959), 89-94; G. E. Wright, BA, XXIV (1961), 59-62; B. ... We had as a result called them "king Solomon's mines," and had attributed, as we still do, a considerable part of his wealth to his exploitation of the mineral wealth obtained there. This led to our considering the build-ing as a smelter or copper ... About half a century later, the Edomites again lost their independence to the Judaeans under Amaziah (ca. 803-775 B.C.).. He captured their great stronghold of Sela, (the Umm el-Biyara of modern Petra), which he 22. AASOR, XIV (1934), 13-15, 22-25; ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm

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The Civilization of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck ... The high, comparatively fertile and well-watered Edomite plateau ends suddenly in the south, with sheer or precipitous walls and slopes marking the abrupt fall to the desert of the Wadi Hismeh, which stretches to the Red Sea and Arabia. Edomite armed ... in the northern and southern parts of Edom, respectively, suggests the relative positions of Buseirah in the north, which is to be identified with Bozrah, and Tawilan near Petra in the south, which is to be identified with the Teiman of that verse. ... It may be emphasized with regard to the Iron Age pottery of Edom and Moab, that its beginnings go back not later than the first part of the 18th century B.C. Thus do archaeological facts bear out the validity of details, or of the background, of ... At this time the nation probably regained control of the Wadi Arabah and seized the port-city and industrial center of Ezion-geber: Elath, identified with Tell el-Kheleifeh on the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah, the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Fig ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-civilization-of-the-edomites-nelson-glueck-1947ad.htm

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Basta, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea. slaughterhouse, crop storage ... Beidha and Basta share many similarities: First, both Basta and Beidha share a close geographic proximity. Basta is a short distance from Petra as you follow a large natural valley between the two cities. Topographically the two cities are connected ... Later, two successive pottery phases developed: the Pottery Neolithic A (PNA) and the Pottery Neolithic B (PNB). Kenyon's phasing of the earlier part of this sequence, the Pre-Pottery, was accepted during the 1960s through the 1980s without serious ... It is also important to note that most of the earth's population lived in the area between the Persian Gulf and Mt. Ararat until after the Tower of Babel in 2850 BC when they spread all over the world. c. Given the magnitude of operations, the oldest ... F. Single occupation site, large scale abandonment, buried rapidly by desert sands: Basta has all the earmarks of not only being a single occupation site but one that was abandoned en masse, then buried through desert sandstorms. 1. "If this scenario ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-Basta-storage-slaughter-house-city-100000-bones.htm

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Water from a Rock: Mt. Sinai (Lawz) and Kadesh (Petra) Wadi Musa ... ... Musa in the Sinai Peninsula and Mt Lawz in north Saudi Arabia) There is no known place at Mt. Musa in the Sinai Peninsula that would be the place the rock split and the water came out. But since it was a miracle, it may have started and then stopped ... If Israel was at Ein el Qudeirat (which can supply water for about 1000 people) they would have complained it was a waterless place just the same. It takes a lot of water to support 2.5 million people in the desert. Although Kadesh Barnea had a ... So in the search for Kadesh, we could look for evidence of past or present civilizations in otherwise waterless places. Interestingly, we find just such a large civilization at Petra. We know miracle river of water did stop flowing, because none ... Psalm 81:7 "and all drank the same spiritual drink, for they were drinking from a spiritual rock which followed them; and the rock was Christ." 1 Corinthians 10:4 Part II: Anti-type: Christ, the Rock of Salvation: Introduction: There is a clear ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-moses-struck-rock-waterless.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... At the end of the third or the begin-ning of the fourth centuries CE, during the reign of Diocletian, the fort flour-ished once again. The projecting towers were added at that time (Stratum 2a). This Late Roman fortress was part of the Diocletian ... 1985; Gichon 1986; Mayer-son 1986) who conducted razzia, with the basic aim of taking booty from the merchants and travelers who crossed the desert areas and whose destination was important commercial and tradecities, including Jerusalem and Gaza. ... The Roman fort fell into disuse during the second half of the fourth century CE,perhaps as the result of the earthquake of 363 CE which destroyed Petra and several other sites (Russell 1980; Ham-mond 1980). Over its remains Stratum 1 offered scanty ... ASOR. 1939 The Second Campaign at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Ezion-Geber: Elath). Bul-letin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 75:8-22. Graf, D.E. 1978 The Saracens and the Defense of the Arabian Frontier. Bulletin of the Ameri-can Schools of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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Comparison list of 75 Joseph/Christ Shadows, Types, Antitypes ... ... Development of irrigation—including the reclamation of more arable land in the Fayyum by manipulating the water-level of Lake Moeris—and enormous growth in mining and quarrying activities (eg. Sinai Peninsula, etc.)” (Doug Petrovich, 2017 AD) 13. Between 1884-1880 BC ... the end of Hebrew “easy living” in Egypt and the beginning of the oppression which lasted 110 years until the Exodus in 1446 BC. Even at Kadesh Barnea (Petra), they were again located at a major shipping intersection of international trade for 38 years. The high literacy rate combined with the business experience explains in part the commercial successes Jews have even in the present day. 17. In 1872 BC a. In 1872 BC 7 year famine ends b. ... Rather the book of the Tanach is a part of the Prophets, the second section of Jewish scriptures, and was forged by the church many centuries later. The first century Roman historian Josephus Flavius, similarly states that under Ptolemy Philadephius, only the Law was ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/d-bible-archeology-maps-timeline-chronology-Joseph-types-Christ-Shadows-Antitypes-similarities-comparisons-2166-1876BC.htm

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creed and beliefs of Baha'i Faith: A brief history & notes on ... ... Construction of the Terraces and Arc Project was completed in the year 2000. The wilderness and the dry land shall be glad, the desert shall rejoice and blossom... The glory of Lebanon shall be given to it, the majesty of Carmel and Sharon. They ... The nature of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity can be partially explained by a concept known as Progressive Revelation. This concept is an important part of Baha'i teaching, and while it is not unique to the Baha'i Faith, the Baha'i ... that as long as they were obedient to God and demonstrated their obedience by circumcising their males, they would inherit and inhabit the land lying between the River of Egypt on the northeast side of the Sinai Peninsula, and the Euphrates River. ... In the book of Dinkird which was written by Zarathustra, who founded the Zoroastrian Faith over 500 years before the birth of Christ, and over 1000 years before the establishment of Islam, we read: When 1260 years have passed from the Arabian Faith, ... ... https://www.bible.ca/creed-bahai-beliefs.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... The bowl is 3 cm. deep." (Adam Zertal excavation report of Joshua's altar, 1985 AD) During the exodus, Moses camped at Succoth on the Gulf of Suez, at a location which is directly adjacent the turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadim to pick up the Hebrew slaves who ... Since Josephus and the later Byzantines had the correct tradition, this rabbinic tradition must have developed in the late first and early second centuries. Procopius 905C is also confused: "This is situated at the Eastern part of Ierichō beyond Galgal" and he continues by denying the Samaritan tradition. Yet in 908A he seems to accept the Samaritan location and tradition. The two mountains near Jericho are probably those above Aqaba jabr sometimes called Tyros and ... Evidently the beginning of the penetration, sometime in the 13th century b.c.e., was made by semi-nomadic shepherd groups migrating from the edge of the desert, by way of the "ecological pipe" of Wadi el Far'a (Natial Tirzah). Many sites with ancient pottery ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... They have included establishing the historicity of the patriarchs as it might be known from studying the Middle Bronze Age, the exodus from Egypt and the desert wanderings as they might be known from studying Late Bronze Age sites in the Sinai and ... Several of Robertson Smith's ideas have had a profound effect on the study of Israelite origins. These include his assumption of an analogous relationship between Arabian nomads and ancient Israelites, and his description of a two-phase process of ... In the sacrifice called fanurukan, pigs are used to "establish a relationship of contiguity between the human and spirit worlds" (Gibson 1986: 182). As part of this ritual, the sharing of a sacral meal unites god and worshippers and binds members of ... The latter, in Kittel's opinion, was closely aligned to the "serious form of worship" offered by the prophets (1925: 34-35, 146). 10 Note the fascinating story of the transformation of W. F. Albright's "Conway High Place" at Petra into a round tower, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ... ... As we have seen, he gave Jeroboam asylum after his first, abortive revolt against Solomon (11:40), evidently as part of a policy of neutralizing the power of Jerusalem in Palestine. It is tempting, therefore, to interpret his invasion as continuing ... This was made simple by the fact that the walls of the Hypostyle Hall had been built so as to overlap partially the ends of the Second Pylon because the hall assumed greater proportions than could be inclosed by walls abutting as was customary on the ... Several examples of this list are extant in other reliefs. 1. Upper Egypt 2. Lower Egypt 3. Natives of Nubia 4. Libya 5. Sekhet-Iam 6. Oases, Beduin of Asia 7. Eastern Desert dwellers 8. Upper Nubia 9. Northerners b. Ring 10 serves as a "title" for ... Ajrud and Borot Loz ponds. "And above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" ("Aharoni Fortress" near Quseima, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) 124 Bt-nt, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... ... The excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east- west (fig. 4). The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. The highest point ... He was a true pioneer, one who has gone before into the wilderness, preparing the way for others to follow. Fig. 18. Nelson Glueck (right) and Albert Henschel, Aqaba 1940. NOTES 'This project and its personnel were first announced in the ASOR ... Dothan, M. 1965 The Fortress of Kadesh-Barnea. Israel Ex-ploration Journal 15: 134-51. Evenari, M.; Aharoni, Y.; Shanan, L.; and Tadmor, N. 1958 The Ancient Desert Agriculture of the Negev. Israel Exploration Journal 8: 231-68. Frank, F. 1934 Aus der ... Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1971 Bibliography of Holy Land Archaeological Sites. Hebrew Union College Annual 42: 85-86. 1981 Bibliography of Holy Land Sites, Part 11. Hebrew Union College Annual 52: 49-50. Winnett, F. V., and Reed, W. L. 1964 The ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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Sabbatatrians Refuted and Sabbath keepers Exposed: 2011 AD ... I, the LORD, have spoken, and I will surely do these things to this whole wicked community, which has banded together against me. They will meet their end in this desert; here they will die." Ezek. 4:5 - 6 (NIV) I have assigned you the same number of ... Consider the incredible correlations between Nero and the little horn of Daniel 7: He will uproot "three of the first horns" (7:24) - Three Emperors, Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius were assassinated to make way for Nero, who was not in the line of ... A study of Daniel 8 does not state or imply any start date for the 2,300 evening and morning sacrifices other than when the defilement of the temple actually begins. It is pure assumption on the part of Adventist adherents to the 2,300 "day," 1844 ... H. C. LACEY: (reading his paraphrase): Daniel 11:25: "And he (Antiochus Epiphanes) shall stir up (BC 171) his power and his courage against the king of the south (Ptolemy Philopater) with a great army ("a great multitude"); and the king of the south ... ... https://www.bible.ca/7-lying-for-god-Kerry-Wynne.htm

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In Darkest England and the Way Out, William Booth 1890 AD ... In conclusion, I have to acknowledge the services rendered to me in preparing this book by Officers under my command. There could be no hope of carrying out any part of it, but for the fact that so many thousands are ready at my call and under my ... Upon the pygmies and all the dwellers of the forest has descended a devastating visitation in the shape of the ivory raiders of civilisation. The race that wrote the Arabian Nights, built Bagdad and Granada, and invented Algebra, sends forth men with ... In this dire extremity the writer found his way to one of our Shelters, and there found God and friends and hope, and once more got his feet on to the ladder which leads upward from the black gulf of starvation to competence and character, and ... Em says, as we turn our steps toward the tenement room, which seems like an oasis of peace and purity after the howling desert we have been wandering in. Em and Mattie brew some oatmeal gruel, and being chilled and faint we enjoyed a cup of it. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/in-darkest-england-and-the-way-out-william-booth-1890ad.htm

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