1. By correctly mapping the southern border of Judah, we can prove beyond any doubt that Kadesh Barnea was located Transjordan. It all comes down to one critical phrase that everyone misunderstood: The border "goes up south of Kadesh" and "terminates south of Kadesh". (Numbers 34:3-5; Joshua 15:1-4) Since we know Kadesh is not within the promised land, the only place that you can locate Kadesh is on the north-south portion of the southern border, east of the Arabah Valley. Petra fits perfect. If you place Kadesh on the east-west portion of the border at Ein El-Qudeirat, as all maps since 1916 AD have done, then Kadesh is actually inside the promised land. That doesn't work! So if the southern border is drawn so that is runs "south of Kadesh", is must be Transjordan at Petra. To draw the southern border to run south of Qudeirat as all modern Bible maps do, it creates a contradiction with the Bible, that Israel spent 38 years at Kadesh without ever setting foot inside the promised land.
2. Almost every Bible map since 1916 AD has made of the blunder of locating Kadesh Barnea 27 KM inside the land of Judah at Ein El-Qudeirat. Kadesh Barnea is located transjordan, at Petra, just like Eusebius wrote in his Onomasticon in 325 AD.
3. The location of the southern border of Judah is critically important for determining the exodus route. This is because Kadesh is always mentioned in connection with this southern border. However, the border is completely misinterpreted and drawn incorrectly on almost all bible maps we have seen. Yet the information is right there in the bible and we use scripture to correctly map southern Judah. Only after we have correctly drawn the borders can we know where Kadesh Barnea is located.
4. Bible map makers since 1916 AD, begin by placing Kadesh on the map at Qudeirat, then adjusting the borders of Judah accordingly. But since they have chosen the wrong location for Kadesh at Qudeirat, they also wrongly map the wilderness of Zin, the Wilderness of Paran, Mt. Hor, the border of Edom, the border of Egypt, and the Ascent of Akrabbim.
5. Although there is a single passage that says Judah's border extended down to the Red Sea (Elat/Ezion Geber), this did not happen until the time of Solomon about 950 BC. In 1400 BC, at the time of the conquest under Joshua, the border bypassed north of Timna, which was under Egyptian control as on of their many mining operations. The Kenites formed a partnership with Egypt from 1400 - 1200 BC, when the mines were abandoned. It appears that Solomon started mining here about 950 BC. It was at this time when the border of Judah moved 80 km south from Kadesh (at Petra) down to the Red Sea. "I will fix your boundary from the Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba) to the sea of the Philistines, and from the wilderness to the River Euphrates; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand, and you will drive them out before you. " Exodus 23:31
6. Between 1400 - 950 BC, the southern border does not extent to the Red Sea, Elat or Ezion Geber. If it did it would mention at least one of these in the two main texts that describe the border in the greatest detail. (Numbers 34:3-5; Joshua 15:1-4.) Therefore, we know that as the border ran south from the Dead Sea, it turned west from the Arabah valley before it reached the Red sea. The Bible says that the border changed direction just south of Kadesh (at Petra).
7. All locations that make up the southern border are outside Judah. They are never referred to in the normal course of internal events of Judah. Between Kadesh and the Wadi el-Arish, they are never referred to again, being single references. This places them on the outside edge of the border of Judah. These towns are likely controlled by gentiles. The 3 places on the eastern border are all transjordan: Ascent of Akrabbim, wilderness of Zin, Kadesh Barnea. These locations are all outside Judah. Remember that the place most Bible maps locate Kadesh at, is Qudeirat. Yet Qudeirat is 27 km inside the territory of Judah. It has not dawned upon even the best Bible students, that if Kadesh was located at Qudeirat, then the 38 years in the wilderness was actually in the promised land!
8. The fact that there are four cities between Kadesh and the River of Egypt, makes it unlikely that Qudeirat is the correct location of Kadesh. Qudeirat is 27 km from the wadi el-Arish. Qudeirat is 70- 95 km from the Ascent of Akrabbim (depending where you locate Akrabbim).
9. If Kadesh was at Qudeirat, then wilderness of Zin, would be inside the middle of Judah's Territory. Yet we never find any references to the wilderness of Zin in the Bible except in connection with the exodus. This proves the both Kadesh and the wilderness of Zin are transjordan (at Petra).
10. The Ascent of Akrabbim travels transjordan east from the Arabah Valley up into modern Jordan, and not west into the land of Judah, is the scant references to it in the rest of the Bible. If it was within the land of Judah, as is traditionally suggested today, then we should find several references to it within the normal course of events. But we find this same pattern of lack of references to all the exodus route locations outside the boundaries Israel: ascent of Akrabbim, Kadesh, wilderness of Zin, wilderness of Paran, Mt. Sinai.
11. As a technical note, what the Bible calls the "southern border" is actually composed in part, of the "eastern border" that runs from the south of the dead sea towards the Red Sea down to Kadesh. After it passes Kadesh (at Petra) it turns 90 degrees due west to meet the Wadi el-Arish and terminates at the Mediterranean Sea. So the north/south section from the Dead Sea down to Petra and the east/west section that runs from Petra to the Brook of Egypt and to the sea. The two sections of the border are almost perpendicular to each other.

We can prove Kadesh is Transjordan from the Bible, when you understand this illustration:

1. Illustration: Fact 1: The city of Brownsville is not located inside the state of Florida. Fact 2: The southern boundary of Florida terminates just south of the city of Brownsville. Fact 3: Brownsville is located north of the southern border of Florida. False conclusion: The city of Brownsville is located a few miles due north of Key Largo. But this violates fact 1 that says Brownsville is not inside Florida. Solution: Brownsville is located both north and outside Florida in the state of Texas.
   
2. Bible Fact 1: Kadesh Barnea is not inside the promised land or the territory of Judah.Bible Fact 2:The southern boundary of Judah terminates just south of Kadesh Barnea.Bible Fact 3: Kadesh Barnea is located north of the southern boundary line of Judah. False conclusion: All bible maps since 1916 AD locate Kadesh Barnea 27 KM inside Judah's southern border at Qudeirat. But this contradicts Bible fact 1 that says Kadesh is not inside the promised land. Solution: Kadesh is located Transjordan at Petra, which is both north of the southern boundary line of Judah and outside it in modern Jordan.
   
3. Many more specific details are below.

1. "Every place on which the sole of your foot treads shall be yours; your border will be from the wilderness to Lebanon, and from the river, the river Euphrates, as far as the western sea." Deuteronomy 11:24
2. "I will fix your boundary from the Red Sea [Gulf of Aqaba] to the sea of the Philistines, and from the wilderness to the River Euphrates; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand, and you will drive them out before you. " Exodus 23:31
3. "Turn and set your journey, and go to the hill country of the Amorites, and to all their neighbors in the Arabah, in the hill country and in the lowland and in the Negev and by the seacoast, the land of the Canaanites, and Lebanon, as far as the great river, the river Euphrates." Deuteronomy 1:7
4. What is also interesting is that the boundaries of Solomon's kingdom were from Hamath (Near the Euphrates) to the Wadi el Arish (river of Egypt):
   -"So Solomon observed the feast at that time, and all Israel with him, a great assembly from the entrance of Hamath (Near the Euphrates) to the brook of Egypt, before the Lord our God, for seven days and seven more days, even fourteen days." 1 Kings 8:65
   -"David also defeated Hadadezer king of Zobah as far as Hamath, as he went to establish his rule to the Euphrates River." 1 Chronicles 18:3
   

1. The Biblical and historical border between Israel and Egypt has always been the Wadi el-Arish, also known as the River of Egypt. Gen 15:18 The land from the Nile river, the entire modern Sinai Peninsula up to the Wadi el-Arish has been under Egyptian control from the time of Abraham till the Romans annexed the Sinai in 106 AD.
2. Detailed study of proving the River of Egypt is the historic border between Egypt and Israel.
3. The entire Sinai Peninsula has been under the control of Egypt from before the exodus in 1440 BC down to the time of Christ. The land from the Nile river, the entire modern Sinai Peninsula up to the Wadi el-Arish has been under Egyptian control from the time of Abraham till the Romans annexed the Sinai in 106 AD.
4. Detailed study proving the Sinai Peninsula was under Egyptian control at the time of the Exodus.
5. The modern border between Israel and Egypt was determined in 1947 AD with UN resolution 181. This border is utterly irrelevant to the Biblical border. Never in Israel's history has this been the border between Israel and Egypt until 1947 AD.
6. At the time of the Exodus, Israel was not "out of Egypt" until they crossed the Red Sea at the Straights of Tiran and departed from the modern Sinai Peninsula.
7. Detailed study of the phrase, "out of Egypt" in the Bible. The Bible clearly says that Israel was still in Egypt when they rebelled on the shores of the Red Sea at the Straights of Tiran. "Our fathers in Egypt did not understand Your wonders; They did not remember Your abundant kindnesses, But rebelled by the sea, at the Red Sea. Nevertheless He saved them for the sake of His name, That He might make His power known." Psalm 106:7-8

1. "On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying, "To your descendants I have given this land, From the river of Egypt as far as the great river, the river Euphrates:" Genesis 15:18
2. "'The border shall turn direction from Azmon to the brook of Egypt, and its termination shall be at the sea." Numbers 34:5
3. "It continued to Azmon and proceeded to the brook of Egypt, and the border ended at the sea. This shall be your south border." Joshua 15:4
4. "Ashdod, its towns and its villages; Gaza, its towns and its villages; as far as the brook of Egypt and the Great Sea, even its coastline." Joshua 15:47
5. "Now Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines and to the border of Egypt; they brought tribute and served Solomon all the days of his life."
6. "So Solomon observed the feast at that time, and all Israel with him, a great assembly from the entrance of Hamath to the brook of Egypt, before the Lord our God, for seven days and seven more days, even fourteen days." 1 Kings 8:65
7. "The king of Egypt did not come out of his land again, for the king of Babylon had taken all that belonged to the king of Egypt from the brook of Egypt to the river Euphrates." 2 Kings 24:7
8. "He was the ruler over all the kings from the Euphrates River even to the land of the Philistines, and as far as the border of Egypt." 2 Chronicles 9:26
9. "The Ammonites also gave tribute to Uzziah, and his fame extended to the border of Egypt, for he became very strong." 2 Chronicles 26:8
10. ""The south side toward the south shall extend from Tamar as far as the waters of Meribath-kadesh, to the brook of Egypt and to the Great Sea. This is the south side toward the south." Ezekiel 47:19
11. "In that day the Lord will start His threshing from the flowing stream of the Euphrates to the brook of Egypt, and you will be gathered up one by one, O sons of Israel. It will come about also in that day that a great trumpet will be blown, and those who were perishing in the land of Assyria and who were scattered in the land of Egypt will come and worship the Lord in the holy mountain at Jerusalem." Isaiah 27:12-13
12. For more, see: Brook of Egypt is border.
13. For more, see: Sinai Peninsula under Egyptian control.

1. Note that if Kadesh Barnea was located at Qudeirat (where most maps place it today) it would be within Goshen. This is not the same Goshen as the one in Egypt. It would mess up the north/south, east/west co-ordinates of the verse. As an illustration, Josh 10:41 is like describing four corners of the USA like this: "From New York to Mexico, from Florida to Washington." But if Kadesh was at Qudeirat, it would be like saying, "From New York to Mexico, from Manhattan to Washington." This is why Kadesh must be in a place outside of Goshen. We know Goshen was in the south central area of Judah. Therefore it makes perfect sense for Kadesh to be at Petra and not at Qudeirat.
   "Joshua struck them from Kadesh-barnea even as far as Gaza, and all the country of Goshen even as far as Gibeon. " Joshua 10:41.
   
2. Like Joshua 10:41 above, Ezekiel 47:19 is another example of how a Bible verse picks four well known N,S,E,W co-ordinates to draw a boundary. What is critical here is that if you make the mistake of wrongly place Kadesh at ein el-Qudeirat is makes mush of the text. That is because Qudeirat is in the a direct line towards the Brook of Egypt and two of the four reference points of the compass are essentially the same. Only when you locate Kadesh at Petra do you have a square box with four corners, not a triangle with two dots on one of the three sides. There are four dots on the border in Ezekiel 47:19. This creates a box with four dots in a square. Is makes no sense to have two locations named for a single dot.
   "The south side toward the south shall extend from Tamar as far as the waters of Meribath-kadesh, to the brook of Egypt and to the Great Sea. This is the south side toward the south." Ezekiel 47:19 and "And beside the border of Gad, at the south side toward the south, the border shall be from Tamar to the waters of Meribath-kadesh, to the brook of Egypt, to the Great Sea." Ezekiel 48:28
   Full discussion of Ezek 47:19 click here.
   
3. "From the End of the Salt Sea, EASTWARD". Many miss or just ignore this critical clue as to how to draw the border south of the Dead Sea. It is quite simple. When you reach the end of the Dead Sea turn EAST, not west, as almost all bible maps draw it. Most maps wrongly place Kadesh at ein el-Qudeirat and contradict the Bible's instructions in drawing the border when you reach the end of the Dead Sea. They wrongly go WESTWARD, not Eastward. They go 180 degrees the wrong direction and head in a straight line through the assent of Akrabbim (wrongly located at Ma'ale Aqrabim on the west side of the Arabah valley), and continue in a straight line through the middle of Judah's territory what they the Wilderness of Zin to ein el-Qudeirat.
   "Your southern sector shall extend from the wilderness of Zin along the side of Edom, and your southern border shall extend from the end of the Salt Sea eastward. 'Then your border shall turn direction from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim and continue to Zin, and its termination shall be to the south of Kadesh-barnea; and it shall reach Hazaraddar and continue to Azmon. 'The border shall turn direction from Azmon to the brook of Egypt, and its termination shall be at the sea." Numbers 34:3-5
   
4. The next important fact in drawing the section of Judah's border south of the Dead Sea, is to keep going due south, until you pass Kadesh on the East Side. This is perhaps the biggest error people make in drawing the border. Most maps wrongly place Kadesh at ein el-Qudeirat and draw the border line south of Qudeirat. The problem with this should be obvious to anyone who believes the Bible is both inspired and error free. If you draw the border south of Qudeirat, then Kadesh Barnea is inside the promised land! When you correctly place Kadesh where Eusebius said it was located, at Petra, then it all becomes simple and clear. Imagine you are in a car driving on the Bible border of Judah. You start driving at Engedi and follow the western shoreline of the Dead Sea. When you reach the end of the Dead Sea, turn left (East) and start driving towards modern Jordan. When you reach the assent of Akrabbim, turn right and drive due south towards the Gulf of Aqaba. Next you pass the Wilderness of Zin on your left, but you never actually enter the Wilderness of Zin. Then, as you keep driving due south, you pass Kadesh Barnea on your left. THIS IS THE ONLY WAY KADESH REMAINS OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARY OF THE PROMISED LAND as the Bible says. After you pass the sign on the road that says, "Kadesh due East on your left" you keep driving SOUTH OF KADESH. A few miles south of Kadesh is where the north/south portion of the border "terminates". The border continues "as far as Kadesh" then changes direction due west, and starts heading for the Brook of Egypt. So as you drive past Kadesh on your left, only then do you make a 90 degree turn to the right and start driving due west towards the River of Egypt. In this way the border "went up south of Kadesh". These three key phrases are telling you that the direction of the border changes direction south of Petra (Kadesh). Placing Kadesh Barnea at ein el-Qudeirat simply cannot harmonize any of these details. Only when Kadesh is located somewhere Transjordan between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea on the eastern side of the Arabah valley, do these details fit perfectly!
   "went up by the south of Kadesh-barnea" Josh 15:3
   "as far as Kadesh" Ezekiel 47:19
   "termination shall be to the south of Kadesh" Num 34:4
   
5. The next important information comes in relation to the border of Edom. We know that the Edomites never lived east of the Arabah valley (in Judah's territory) until the Babylonian captivity in 586 BC. Their seat of power has always been Transjordan. But we also know that Judges 11:15-18 teaches us that the border between Moab and Edom, was and east west line that ran through Kadesh at Petra. Since Kadesh was right on the borders between Moab and Edom, they asked both Moab to pass from Petra north-east and Edom to pass south-east. Both refused. So as you are driving south past Kadesh, you are approaching the northern border of Edom.
   "Judah reached the border of Edom"
   "southward to the wilderness of Zin at the extreme south"
   "toward the border of Edom in the south" Joshua 15:1, 21
   
6. Numbers 34:3-5 uses the term, "and its termination" twice. First in reference to the "eastern" portion of the southern border that travels north/south from the Dead sea to Kadesh at Petra. Then for the "southern" line that travels east/west and ends at the Sea. Both these perpendicular sections of the southern border end with the same phrase, "and its termination shall be". This proves that Kadesh is on the transjordan side of the Arabah valley. Imagine you are in a car and you are at the south end of the Dead Sea. After the short easterly drive y then start driving south in a straight line which TERMINATES just south of Kadesh (Petra). Then you turn right and go west until you TERMINATE at the Mediterranean sea. Two straight lines, perpendicular to each other with clear termination points.
   

The order of cities on the southern border are: Dead Sea, Ascent of Akrabbim, wilderness of Zin, Kadesh Barnea, Karka, Hezron and Addar (Hazaraddar), Azmon, Brook of Egypt.

1. Now the cities at the extremity of the tribe of the sons of Judah toward the border of Edom in the south were Kabzeel and Eder and Jagur, and Kinah and Dimonah and Adadah, and Kedesh and Hazor and Ithnan, Ziph and Telem and Bealoth, and Hazor-hadattah and Kerioth-hezron (that is, Hazor), Amam and Shema and Moladah, and Hazar-gaddah and Heshmon and Beth-pelet, and Hazar-shual and Beersheba and Biziothiah, Baalah and Iim and Ezem, and Eltolad and Chesil and Hormah, and Ziklag and Madmannah and Sansannah, and Lebaoth and Shilhim and Ain and Rimmon; in all, twenty-nine cities with their villages. Joshua 15:21-32
2. In the lowland: Eshtaol and Zorah and Ashnah, and Zanoah and En-gannim, Tappuah and Enam, Jarmuth and Adullam, Socoh and Azekah, and Shaaraim and Adithaim and Gederah and Gederothaim; fourteen cities with their villages. Zenan and Hadashah and Migdal-gad, and Dilean and Mizpeh and Joktheel, Lachish and Bozkath and Eglon, and Cabbon and Lahmas and Chitlish, and Gederoth, Beth-dagon and Naamah and Makkedah; sixteen cities with their villages. Libnah and Ether and Ashan, and Iphtah and Ashnah and Nezib, and Keilah and Achzib and MArishah; nine cities with their villages. Ekron, with its towns and its villages; from Ekron even to the sea, all that were by the side of Ashdod, with their villages. Ashdod, its towns and its villages; Gaza, its towns and its villages; as far as the brook of Egypt and the Great Sea, even its coastline. Joshua 15:33-47
3. The apocrypha confirms this general sequence: "And to all that were in Samaria and the cities thereof, and beyond Jordan unto Jerusalem, and Betane, and Chellus, and Kades (Kadesh), and the river of Egypt, and Taphnes, and Ramesse, and all the land of Gesem," Judith 1:9

1. Solomon built a network of military fortresses on the outer edge of his border in 950 BC.
2. Although archeologists need absolute proof positive before they come out and say that these fortresses are a way to draw the border of Solomon, we feel that it is quite obvious and beyond doubt or question. Some archeologists do not believe the Bible and openly teach that David and Solomon were not even kings, but mythical figures. They also reject the entire exodus story. You can see the caution and hesitation of the few Bible believing archeologists below who lean towards the fact that these are border fortresses built by Solomon, but simply cannot state it on a professional level. Others have a vested bias in these not being built by a king to never existed and is a ferry tale.
3. At the time of Solomon, Israel's border extended all the way to the Wadi el-Arish. However, after Pharaoh Shishak destroyed the entire network of fortresses, the border moved east to share the water. At that time, Egypt and Israel agreed that the border divided the springs so that each had two, Qudeirat is the location that the Jews built to protect the water at Qudeirat and Kades. Egypt would get the water from the springs at Quseima and Ein Muweileh. It also divided the control of the four ancient trade routes that intersected just west of Qudeirat. So you have the Egyptians on the west of this major crossroads of traffic and two springs completely under their control and the Hebrews on the east of the major crossroads with two springs of their own. Qudeirat represented the western most point of control of the Judean kingdom under Uzzah and Josiah. Qudeirat was the "border town" between Egypt and Israel after 900 BC.
4. "The earliest fortress on the site was erected seemingly on virgin soil in the 10th-9th centuries B.C.E. Its ground plan, as explained previously, has not been determined, but it evidently belonged to a wide-ranging fortress network then existing in the Central Negev. These fortresses begin near present-day Dimona, continue south past Yeroham and Sede Boger, skirt the edge of the erosion crater of Makhtesh Ramon, and then turn west; here they form a southerly line as far as Kadeshbarnea. Dozens of such fortresses have been located since the survey of Woolley and Lawrence, and many have been excavated over the past 12 years—mainly by the author sometimes in conjunction with Z. Meshel (Cohen 1970: 6-24; 1976: 3450; Meshel 1977: 110-35). The fortresses were built according to one of three distinct ground plans—being either roughly oval, rectangular, or square—but clearly belong to the same historical period. In the author's opinion, they were established by King Solomon. As is well known, he was a powerful and energetic ruler, who sought to consolidate the gains of his predecessor, David, by fortifying cities, constructing storehouses, and founding distant trading posts—such as Ezion-geber, on the Red Sea shores. Accordingly, a network of Central Negev fortresses would have served both in protecting the vital overland trade routes and in forming a bulwark against incursions from the south. An interesting parallel exists between this line of fortresses in the Central Negev and the description (Josh 15:1-4) of the southern limits of the tribe of Judah. Thus, these fortresses also define the southern border of Israel at the time of its greatest extent." (Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph Cohen, 1981 AD)
5. "Notable among these evidences of early human habitation is a series of sites dating to the Iron Age. They invariably consist of some sort of fortress surrounding or adjacent to a small settlement. Yohanan Aharoni identified many of these sites in his Negev survey of the late 1950's and attributed their existence and importance to the need to establish control over the road system of the Negev. Thus, a line of forts was established which would safeguard the lucrative trade routes with South Arabia and East Africa as well as with the various mining operations in the Arabah and Sinai." (Kadesh Barnea: Judah's Last Outpost, Carol Meyers, 1976 AD)
6. Aharoni's work was concentrated upon the road system. Since then and as a result of the Israel Survey, the explorations of Rudolph Cohen, head of the Negev Survey, have given indication that the Iron Age sites provide information not only about trade routes but also about the borders of the Judean kingdom. (Kadesh Barnea: Judah's Last Outpost, Carol Meyers, 1976 AD)
7. A clear grasp of political borders appears in the OT, and the conceptions are similar to those of the ancient Near East as a whole. ... In any case, the Judaean character of the stamps is clear. The relatively limited number of stamps in the Shephelah and Negev makes it hard to use them to define political borders there. (Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in Relation to its Political Borders, Raz Kletter, 1999 AD)
8. Archaeologically, both sites can be defined as fortresses related to public administration; but Qadesh Barnea is similar to other Judaean fortresses, while the plan of Mesad Hashavyahu is unique and no similar fortresses are known from nearby kingdoms. (Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in Relation to its Political Borders, Raz Kletter, 1999 AD)
9. Qadesh Barnea and Mesad Hashavyahu (near Ashdod) cannot help in determining the borders of Judah at present because they are both isolated sites, detached from any other Judaean settlement. A border is defined by a succession or sequence, of the kind found, for example, in the Judaean Shephelah. Qadesh Barnea and Mesad Hashavyahu are situated well outside any sequence of Judaean settlements, like parts of a puzzle that do not combine with other parts. Because they were isolated, it is extremely difficult to assess their political status. Even if we define their material culture as Judaean, this does not necessarily imply Judaean rule over them or over the surrounding area. ... The suggestion that the Judaean presence there is related to vassal service (Na'aman 1989) seems more plausible than the assumption of independent Judaean control. (Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in Relation to its Political Borders, Raz Kletter, 1999 AD)
10. "Isolated Sites: Qadesh Barnea and Mesad Hashavyahu: Qadesh Bamea and Mesad Hashavyahu [near Ashdod] pose a challenge in regard to the definition of Judah's borders. Final reports are not yet published (for preliminary reports see Cohen 1983; Naveh 1962; Reich 1989). Judaean artifacts found at both sites include, for example, inscribed weights, pottery vessels, and Hebrew ostraca. It must be accepted, therefore, that these sites had relations with Judah; but were they governed by Judah as part of its sovereign territory? Mesad Hashavyahu is especially important in this regard, for political control over it would mean access to sea trade routes as well as control over the vital way from Egypt to Phoenicia and Syria along the coastal plain. The material culture of both sites is not purely Judaean, but mixed: Aegean artifacts appear at Mesad Hashavyahu (East Greek pottery) and possibly also coastal artifacts (Reich 1989); "Negbite" wares are known from Qadesh Barnea." (Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in Relation to its Political Borders, Raz Kletter, 1999 AD)

1. Almost every map in every Bible is riddled with major errors in the Exodus route, the wildernesses of Zin and Paran, the location of Ezion Geber, Kadesh, the ascent of Akrabbim, the territory of the Edomites, Mt Hor and Mt Seir.
2. The reason the borders are drawn incorrectly is because they chose locations for Kadesh Barnea that are Biblically impossible. In other words, Kadesh at Qudeirat directly contradicts the Bible.
3. In their mapping, they always start with Kadesh at Qudeirat, then plot all the other locations in reference to the location of Kadesh.
4. The mapping we have done is based upon the detailed analysis of scripture first. Only then was archeology brought into view to assist in specific locations.
5. Using the Bible, we can prove Kadesh is transjoran.

By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections.

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